Spelman (music)
The minstrel (plural: minstrels ) or musician is making music that airs on certain occasions for entertainment.
Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
Historically, the term goes back to the time of the Roman Empire back ( ludarii ). The term minstrel can be traced back to the 8th century.
High medieval minstrel culture
The high medieval minstrel culture emerged towards the end of the 11th century, first south and north of the Pyrenees, and spread during the 13th century all over Western Europe. The oldest names of the minstrels are Joglar and jogleor. They talked a solvent audience possible through spectacular feats. Under these minstrels were at least since the early 13th century also instrumental players. The minstrel Guiraut de Calancon counted at this time on nine instruments (about Fidel, harp and hurdy-gurdy ), which would be played by juggler.
Due to the source location, it is not possible to describe the roots of these early instrumental music in the West closer. However, a considerable number of pictorial representations of musical instruments in the game people are from this period. These include, in addition to the reliefs on cathedrals and book illuminations also a number of illustrations in music theory treatises. Herrad of Landsberg formed in her Hortus deliciarum musical instruments such as the harp and hurdy-gurdy ( or Organistrum Symphonia ) from.
These are found primarily as thumbnails in luxury manuscripts, of which the most famous is an edition of the Spanish Cantigas de Santa Maria from the second half of the 13th century. This codex contains ( in addition to a more than handsome collection of songs ) a whole series of illuminations, (usually in pairs ) show the musicians with various instruments. Authority of this manuscript was King Alfonso X of Castile and Leon († 1284).
Several written sources indicate that there were also propelled instrumentalists under the juggler and spilleuten in the course of the 13th century.
In this century has already been made also a very significant upturn of the cities. These are by in addition to the local rulers gradually to the second conveyor member of instrumental music, " Stadtpifer " or - take " dromper " in their services. Musicians guilds can be found since 1288; the oldest known is the Vienna Nikolai Brotherhood.
Thus, the decisive foundations for the modern instrumental musicians were made in the 14th century.
In addition, forms in the mercenary armies since the 15th century, the military marching band.
Instruments
To meet the demands for different occasions, a minstrel should dominate as many instruments. The preferred instruments were percussion instruments, various flutes and wind instruments, as well as plucked and painted instruments. The different names and designs of individual instrument types were varied. In general, the sound in general was relatively high ( between soprano and tenor ) and bright until the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century, the bass region was amplified and thus the pitch lower. The instrument was divided into privileged ( the reputation of the instrument and the player in question the social position ) and ordinary, as well as loud and soft groups. They had a relatively limited compared to today range and have been played at full volume without too much dynamic differentiations mostly. Some instruments came, in part, a modified form of the ancient and Northern Europe. Others were specifically in the context of the Crusades imported from the Arab region and Central Asia.
Instruments and flutes
These include shawm and bagpipe (bagpipe ).
String Studies
The relatively quiet compared plucked and bowed stringed instruments, such as the lute, served mainly to vocal accompaniment.
Percussion instruments
This included the timpani.
Ensembles
The entire Middle Ages knew (as well as partly the Renaissance and also the Baroque) not exactly prescribed for a piece of music instruments or instrument combinations. In most cases the exact composition was made situationally adapted to the occasion and the available instrumentalists. Only in the middle of the 15th century, vague rules for ensembles for various occasions the customized music genres were out. Quiet music in the intimate setting or with " romantic or religious text statement" were usually performed with stringed instruments, recorders, Portative, and singing. Lute, usually played on festive occasions or representative music was primarily occupied with shawm, trumpets, trombones, percussion and flutes.
Modern Times
Minstrels attracted as free traveling people from town to town, playing with the fiddler violin on to the dance, but also occurred as the narrator - even accompanied by the fiddler violin - on. As narrator she sang love songs for a ( " love song " ) or heroic songs ( " epics " ), on the other, messages (including local news ) that they aufschnappten on the hike and processed in rhyme.
To groups verbündende minstrels are the precursors of later -powered music and jugglers troops, which in turn were precursors of migratory, sedentary later theater groups.
The term musician is attested since about 1600 and significantly older than the resulting 1800 term of the musician who exercises professional music. He describes the transition of moving to the " respectable " musicians.
In the 20th and 21st century, especially musicians of the medieval scene called minstrels or musicians.
As musicians are also known, especially in marching bands and marching bands, the marching drums and fifes, perform the musical commands under the direction of Drum Major, here especially the curls.