Spillover effect

From a transfer effect (also spill-over effect, spillover effect, spillover or spill-over from English to spill - spill to overflow ) occurs when an event / condition has effects on other events / states. The term is closely linked with that of the external effect, however, has a broader meaning since it covers not only economic theory and economic activities, but also specifically in marketing applies and beyond, for example, socio-political and scientific decisions, trends or other developments may be obtained.

Conceptual history

Among other names transfer effects were analyzed in the 19th century. The classical cartel theory (1883-1945) already had an impact meticulous teaching, in which the effects of distortion and Vermachtung were represented by markets. Ernst B. Haas, the founder of neofunctionalism, coined in 1958 the concept of spill-over, which soon - as a fashionable anglicism - became widespread.

Economic spillovers

Under an economic consideration externalities may also be referred to as transmission effects. There are many examples, such as under the heading of market failure.

Transfer effects in the context of international integration

In international relations, the term spillover is (actually never: transfer effect) mainly used for phenomena within economic communities, where he describes the effects of the national or supranational political decisions to other areas. Main field of application has been the European integration with the European Union as a center of gravity. The term is used especially by supporters of neofunktionalistischen integration theory. Accordingly, the transfer of certain policies of the Union ( pooling ) can cause developed a tendency to pooling in other areas. Sectoral integration leads thereafter to involvement of more and more sectors. But there are numerous examples in the history of European integration, such as in the area of the internal market, in which the basic principle of the free movement of capital to boost the development of a common monetary policy and ultimately to the common currency euro has led. Likewise, through the inclusion of additional topics / responsibilities ( policies ) in the contracts, beginning with the EEA 1986/1987 by the inclusion of the areas ( policies ), such as environmental protection, research and technology, and education; continued later by the Treaty of Maastricht holds this process until today.

Transfer effects in Marketing

In marketing refers to the transfer of the image of a product / a company on a different product than transfer effect. An equally important concept of this is the participation effect. Thus, for example, the image of a brand to be transferred to a new product (umbrella effect in transmission of a positive image, cannibalism effect in transmission of a negative image ). In a narrower sense, a transfer effect is present when the positive image of a product or a company is transferred to another product. In affiliate marketing spillover is not measurable and therefore not considered eligible proportion of visitors who come through affiliate marketing activities on the side of the Merchants.

Other meanings

In development policy, one speaks of spillover effects, especially in the context of high urbanization rates and their consequences, such as the emergence of cities and megacities in the Third World ( Cairo, New Delhi, Sao Paulo, etc.). The transfer effects resulting from agglomeration disadvantages such as collapse of the transport infrastructure, high pollution levels, underemployment, informal settlements, crime, etc.

In the context of urban sociology and cultural studies are designated with Spillover or spatial externalities gratuitous positive or negative effect one region to another region, which lead to the betterment of individual regions in comparison to others. Spillovers arise when the geographical limits of the use of ( public ) goods do not match those of the local authorities, the spatial circle of beneficiaries and burdened gapes apart. This relationship also analyzes the concept of central places. Central places are cities that hold the center of a certain economic integration area a surplus of meaning compared to the surrounding regions. The problem is that spillovers lead to a deficiency of a central location with a good provided by the public sector ( exploitation hypothesis). To remedy this situation, various internalisation offer. Thus, the central places require the external beneficiaries reimbursement (see the Saxon cultural space law ). Or it takes a higher-level territorial level, such as the land, in the form of subsidizing the spillover compensation.