Startle response
With shock is defined as the reaction of an organism to a perceived surprising, potentially threatening stimulus. The startle response includes various psychological and physiological processes, which all serve the defense against the threat or minimize detrimental consequences. The shock is perceived as aversive in general.
Function of the startle response
Cricket set an instinctive survival mechanism in motion that resembles itself in all mammals. The startle response is the organism to adapt quickly to a threat. This occurs on the one hand by protective mechanisms that prevent an injury (rapid eyelid closure, skeletal muscle contraction ), on the other hand by ANS activation to initiate a fight- or- flight reaction.
Physiological and psychological aspects of the startle response
Through a fright there is a tearing of the current action. The attention of the person is similar to the orientation reaction, completely or at least addressed the larger share in the fright - inducing stimulus. There is an increased phasic activation. Jerky, rapid breathing ensures increased oxygen supply. Hardening of the neck and back muscles provides protection against injury. Lurkers can still trigger a scream. Extremely stressful situations can trigger a shock shock in very sensitive and / or elderly.
Influences on the startle response
The threshold of scaring is unique and different from case to case and depends on the experience, ( nervous ) constitution and / or conditioning. Organisms that are sensitive to cricket, called jumpy. However, resistance can be trained terrifying to a certain degree. An example is the conditioning of police horse that is subjected to shots.
Hypervigilance and increased Schreckbarkeit that can not be mitigated by habituation, but is further enhanced on the contrary, these are symptomatic of psychological trauma.
The word " terror " in German
Nightmare in different word contexts
A scary moment is the average time that a person for processing the impression needed to learn a fright (perception and processing). This is, inter alia, important when driving ( driving maneuvers, braking - braking distance ). A specter is a ghost, a horror scenario, a situation or condition ( " picture of horror "), which actually triggers a fright. This term, however, also happening representations are classified as fictitious or at least exaggerated, although they should trigger a scare, but in fact are not suitable to scare. A stun gun is a gun, but no projectile Fires, but is intended only to scare an attacker or Intimidate.
A terror as a person is somebody, the other terrified (eg " bogeyman ").
" Scare " transitivity of the verb
Standard Linguistically can scare both transitive and intransitive use. Transitive it means put someone in fear and is weakly bent. Intransitive it means, however, fall into terror and is strongly bent.
He scares them. - Scares you.
He startled her. - She was frightened.
He scares them. - She is scared.
The phrase scare is colloquially and is both weakly and strongly bent.