Subak (irrigation)
The Balinese Subak term that is often translated as community irrigation or irrigation cooperative referred to in Bali the community to entertain the irrigation system of ordered rice field terraces ( Indonesian and Balinese Sawah ).
Five Balinese Subak - landscapes have been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.
History
The Subaks were introduced Final 1022 by royal edict. Originally, the term only describes the Subak irrigation system of rice terraces that are over a channel ( BAL ) telabah gde or dam ( BAL ) irrigated empelan. Subak literally means connected water.
The first Subak were probably applied to sources, because the rivers in Bali are due to their poor accessibility in deep valleys for irrigation can only be used with significant engineering structures. These sources were provided early because of their significance with temples. Subak so ab ovo had a religious aspect.
Later rivers were tapped by irrigation tunnels after first successful tunnel constructions in this context. Furthermore, more and more channels and aqueducts were built for re-use of surpluses. If a sawah (wet rice field ) is full, it needs little water, and when it is drained to the maturation of rice, none at all. As part of the green revolution of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Subaks came several times in crisis situations.
Organization
The landowners of the associated rice fields are known as members of the Subak. The klian (Chair) is elected by the General Assembly of the members as required.
Settlement Technically, the Subak no settlement unit, but an agro- economic community. The boundaries of a Subak arise quite physically from the inlet to a source or a large channel and all hanging thereon irrigated areas. The village community is referred to as ( BAL ) banjar. This village or settlement community can be in several Subak, and, conversely, an Subak consists of land of various Banjar.
In the " rice bowl of Bali ", in the village Sanggulan, Tabanan district, there is an interesting museum.
Subak and these overarching water temples are an eminent example of human self- organization. With the higher levels of the water temple reveals that the irrigation system of a watershed a fractal organization. This causes by controlling the planting plans optimized on the limiting factors of water scarcity and pest infestation towards management.