Superintelligence
Superintelligence ( lit. over- intelligence ) denotes beings or machines with the people of superior intelligence. The term is used in particular in transhumanism and in the area of Artificial Intelligence using. A really mentally superior entity that meets the criteria of a super-intelligence is not known according to current knowledge.
Definition
A super-intelligence is defined as the intellect, which would be superior to the best human brain, both in terms of creative and problem-solving intelligence -driven as well as in social skills and wisdom. It remains to be seen whether they can be realized between biologically, technically or as a hybrid. The question of whether it has a self- consciousness or memory, the outside remains ago.
Furthermore, a distinction is made between strong and weak superintelligence. The weak superintelligence is an intellect who works on the high level of human thought processes, but works quantitatively many times faster. In contrast, a strong superintelligence working on a qualitatively superior level, it is just like a human brain superior to an animal brain.
Demarcation
Colloquially already gifted or talented island ( so-called " savants " ) are referred to as super-intelligent people, but they do not yet have the superior skills of a super intelligence. Furthermore, particularly good or fast search engine or the semantic web are referred to as super intelligent, they are humans but not cognitively superior. Also, a global "community of scientists " can not be regarded as a super intelligence because they can not be tightly defined, let alone representing a single entity.
Thought leaders
1965 wrote I. J. Good:
In addition, going a brainchild of Mihai Nadin, who in his work MIND - recites Anticipation and Chaos, 1997, that a so-called critical mass of normal intelligence can be connected through interaction, which then interact transcendent.
The author Ray Kurzweil believes that computer from the year 2030 to surpass the people of intelligence. He has 1999 in his book The Age of Spiritual Machines ( German title: Homo sapiens S @ ) This thesis set up. This is done under the term Technological singularity on.
Realization
A purposeful, serious project for the direct creation of a superintelligence does not exist. However, distinguished in the field of simulation initial success from within the framework of various projects such as the Human Brain Project of the EU ( budget EUR 1 billion) and the BRAIN Initiative of the U.S. ( budget 3 billion U.S. $ ) in a complete replica of the should lead the human brain. A fully simulated brain could form the basis of a (weak) superintelligence.
On concrete ways to realize a super-intelligence and in the assessment of existing technologies and, in transhumanism as the post-humanism as yet no consensus. Maybe it could already be sufficient to existing technology to combine only the right way, or it is necessary that the appropriate technology as well as the concepts were first to be developed.
Some transhumanists believe that the more rapidly progressive development in all fields of science could lead to the realization of a super-intelligence in the next few decades (25 years to 50 years). Henry Markram is holding a man equal rank, artificial brain within a decade is possible.
Possible development directions for the realization of a super intelligence are the technical development of computers, the genetic evolution of humans, the fusion of both in Cyborgs, and the simulation at the neuronal level:
- A speeding up the processing speed of computers little also leads to intelligence such as the implementation of more powerful algorithms. However, it is considered possible to implement a self-learning program, a so-called strong artificial intelligence. This would not follow as before, only programmed by human behavior patterns and thus intelligence just pretend like it is the case with chess computers and expert systems. The research endeavors for decades to create yourself improving artificial intelligences, but so far without success.
- By means of genetic modification may Superman are grown - they would not reach immediately the status of a super-intelligence, but there would be several generations for a chance. This direction is largely ostracized as eugenics.
- The preferred by many transhumanists approach consists in equipping people with enhancing implants, such as microprocessors, to enhance the thinking skills massively. Over the next steps in detail there is disagreement, the proposed ultimate goal of transhumanism is in a presence of human consciousness only in digital stores that are located in robot bodies or cyborgs. Here is the technical realization at an early stage. Breakthroughs in the integration of the human brain and artificial implants - especially prostheses for the treatment of disabilities - sometimes lead to euphoria in the press, a real improvement of the human brain through a computer interface stands out, however.
- Another, also pursued practical option is to completely replicate the human brain in the computer and to simulate its functions arbitrarily fast (weak superintelligence ). There are two major projects, the BRAIN Initiative initially limited to a complete mapping, the Human Brain Project is targeting a full simulation. The full simulation since 2005 objective of the Blue Brain Project. Its head, Henry Markram, holds an artificial brain by 2019 is possible. 2007, a milestone was reached, the simulation of a complete neurokortikalen column ( consisting of 100 million synapses - the cerebrum consists of 1 million of interconnected columns). 2013 succeeded the Japanese research institute RIKEN in cooperation with the Forschungszentrum Jülich on a 10- petaflop K supercomputer in 40 minutes of CPU time to simulate about 1% of brain activity for 1 second ( 1.7 billion neurons with 10 trillion synapses). The head of the research group predicts that with the expected within the next decade a new generation of Exa -scale computers, the whole brain was fully simulated.
Criticism
The philosophical and ethical implications of super intelligence are controversial both within and outside of the transhumanist movement. There are various criticisms of the goal of creating a superintelligence.
Skeptics doubt whether a super-intelligence is at all technically feasible. The processes in a biological brain are far too complex to decipher them, and also far too complex to mimic with a technical device. Also the connection of human synapses to the electronics in a cyborg is problematic, since a fast, but rigid electronic system can not be simply wired with a slower but lively brain. This criticism is the one relied on that knowledge about the exact processes in the human brain in principle, are not too complex to ever be understood. Secondly, artificial intelligence is not fixed at the imitation of a biological brain, but their intelligence could also provide an explanation on a separate operation.
Other critics are bothered by the hubris of wanting to improve the human. Especially the improvement by genetic engineering is outlawed as a eugenics society. There is also the question of whether super-intelligent beings use their skills for the benefit or to the detriment of humanity. Although my supporters that a super-intelligence by definition must be temperamentally better than a normal human being today, but in an attempt to create it, the vision would possibly implemented only partially, creating a malevolent intelligence. It should be noted that even the legitimate interests may conflict benevolent parties and the sovereign party prevails.
Finally, there is a reluctance to depend on possibly faulty implants. Just the advocates of transhumanism argue that the objector to the new technology of the avant-garde displaced sooner or later, or be left behind. The conclusion can be, so the critics that richer people could buy more powerful brains, and with their increased mental capacity, the non-upgraded humans suppress or exploit the better. To some extent, this phenomenon is already evident in societies in which higher levels of education preferably be made available to the higher social strata.
In fiction
Many science fiction novels and movies to Know About beings. The most seemingly omniscient or omnipotent beings often meet the aforementioned criteria of superintelligence. The idea of a completely spiritualized, that is, disembodied superintelligence first appeared in 1962 in the science fiction series Perry Rhodan - in the form of superintelligence ES - on.