Synonym (taxonomy)

In biological nomenclature, the term is a synonym used when different scientific names refer to the same taxon. The use and more precise terminology of the term are different in zoology and botany.

• 2.1 Typical Homo synonyms
• 2.2 Heterotypic synonyms

Zoology

In zoological nomenclature, synonyms are different names that refer to the same taxon, for example two names for the same kind is normally always used the senior synonym, in exceptional cases, the younger ( for example, when the older one is suppressed or because the older name already for a had been assigned entirely different animal).

To qualify as a synonym in question, a name in zoology must be published correctly in accordance with the rules. Manuscript names and names that were mentioned without any description ( nomina nuda ), no synonyms can be.

Objective synonyms

Objective synonyms refer definitely to the same taxon, since they are based on the same type specimen basis.

Synonyms lenses often occur in species that have the same type species for different reasons. Often it was not known that there was already a generic name, or the new genus name was still deemed necessary. An example is the genus Pomatia Beck, 1837, which was introduced to a group of land snails, including the type species of the snail Helix pomatia. However, Helix pomatia was already the type species of the genus Helix Linnaeus, 1758, so pomatia is an objective synonym of Helix. Helix is just as well as an objective synonym of Pomatia - but it is older and has, therefore, due to the priority rule takes precedence over the younger name pomatia.

At the species level there are objective synonyms rarely and they are hardly known. An objective synonym is a kind of before only if two names actually refer to exactly the same type specimen. Even if one of the two names has two type specimens, no objective synonymy is more ago (unless it is earlier than the special case that the second name was explicitly proposed as a replacement name for the first ). Often standing in ancient literature phrases like " I call this type x, which is the same type that has been called y the previous author ." Thus, nothing is said about an objective synonymy alone, as long as the author has not written explicitly about the underlying type specimens.

Subjective synonyms

In subjective synonyms, there is room for discussion, because they are based on different type specimens that may belong to different species.

Subjective Synonyms are very common, so many variations because earlier had been described as a distinct species alone, which are now expected to be a single species. Most introduced in the last 250 years, species names are subjective synonyms of other species names.

Botany

In botanical nomenclature, the synonym of a botanical name is also a name that refers to the same taxon.

In botany, also unpublished or manuscript names can be referred to as synonyms.

Homo Typical synonyms

A typical homo or nomenklatorisches synonym exists when the same type specimen is based.

So is the name leontodon Taraxacum L. ( a dandelion ) the same type specimen based as Taraxacum officinale FHWigg. Both are therefore homotypic synonyms. Another example: The name Pinus abies L. for the common spruce has the same type specimen as Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. If the latter as the correct name is used (which most do ), Pinus abies is a homo typical synonym of Picea abies. However, if it were reversed, would Pinus abies the name and Picea abies used would be a homo typical synonym for Pinus abies.

For the botany is a name that is in a different genus, in the sense of synonymy thus another name. In contrast to zoology it also has its own author ( or the name of the person who first identified the species into another species ).

Heterotypic synonyms

A typical heterosexual or taxonomic synonym exists when two different type specimens are based.

Some botanists split the dandelion into many individual species, each with its own name. If the dandelion is considered a single species, the names are for the individual forms then heterotypic synonyms of Taraxacum officinale FHWigg.

Comparative Zoology / Botany

• The homotypic ( nomenclatural ) synonyms in botany are objective synonyms in zoology.
• The heterotypic ( taxonomic ) synonyms in botany are subjective synonyms in zoology.
• The same species name in a different genus is a synonym in botany and has an additional author. In zoology, he is not a synonym, but just a different genus - species combination, and has no additional author.
• In botany can be a synonym, a unpublished name, in zoology not.

Credentials

• RA Blackwelder: Taxonomy: A text and reference book. Wiley, New York 1966.