Tabor (instrument)

Tabor, also Tabar ( Old French ), is a group of historical zweifelliger cylindrical drums of different sizes. The player played in medieval Europe usually the tabor with his right hand along with a one-handed flute, whose three finger holes he used with the left hand.

Etymology

From the Old French names tabor, tabour and Tabar for " drum ", Late Latin and Middle High German tabornum TAMBUR the design differs taborel after the old French word for a frame drum. From these, modern French tambour, Italian tamburo, Spanish tambor and the German loanword tambourine for the frame drum.

The word tabor is first found in the Old French epic poem Chanson de Roland ( line 852, line 3137 ), written around 1080, before the First Crusade ( 1096-1099 ). A suspected origin of the Persian boiler drum tabir appear so because of the time sequence as unlikely. Therefore, the European spelling variations of the general Arabic term for drums, tabl ( طبل, DMG tabl, plural Tubul ) are derived. The Moors have probably from the 8th century Barbat the lute, the boiler drum ( naqqārāt Pl, Berber: nuqqāirāt ) naqqara and other musical instruments in the Iberian Peninsula introduced, but the first references to the use of these instruments Arab in Europe only from later time available.

Intended to tambor As an intermediate step of tabl another Persian word, ṭunbūr (Pl. ṭanābīr ), the otherwise stringed instruments ( tanbur ) referred to, have taken the meaning of TABL and have become the starting point for some of the European drum labels. The other part was with the Arabic article in the spelling aṭ - tabl and meaning " kettle drum " into Spanish as atabal, into Italian as ataballa, into Old French as attabal and up to the war drum ettebel the North African Tuareg.

Design and dissemination

Before the big kettle drums and the small boiler drum pairs (French nacaires of naqqara ) was the cylindrical tabor drum is the most popular in medieval Europe. Their shapes ranged from small, both sides beaten cylindrical drums that were worn on a neck ribbon across the front of the chest, on frame drums, whose frame height was smaller than their diameter, to large drums that hung diagonally on the thigh and beaten on one side of the top coat were. The membrane at the impact side was always provided with a snare strings made ​​of gut, the lower membrane sometimes also had a snare string.

From the 11th to the 16th century, is often depicted in paintings tabor and stone reliefs. On Matthias Grünewald's painting The Mocking of Christ (c. 1503-1505 ) is on the left side to see a small tabor with string tension, which is hit with a straight lace, while the player at the same time blowing a long flute, which he holds with his left hand. This combination was then disseminated and remains one of the Jig and other folk dances in the UK ( whittle and dub, synonymous with pipe and tabor ), southern France ( galoubet et tambourine ), Spain ( e fluviol tamboril ) and Portugal.

Among the relief figures of the " angel choir" (1256-1280) of the Gothic Lincoln Cathedral are a lyre -playing angel and sitting angels, striking a vertically -held frame drum next to his left thigh and at the same time blowing the flute. The preserve sharp head of his mallet wrapped with a soft material into a spherical shape.

In addition to the rather small instruments of the angels who live on in the folk dance music, even greater tabor were depicted in military contexts. Such a military drum described the church scholars Thoinot Arbeau in his work of 1589 Orchésographie He called it la tambour. ; grand tambour. Length and diameter were, respectively, about 80 centimeters. The figure shows a drum with string - cover in 14 lanes with knotted billets, it has no pressure tires still snares. He called the other described and pictured cord drum Tabourin à main. Their length was 60 cm and a diameter of 30 centimeters. Both membranes were equipped with a snare string. From this, the tenor drum used in a marching band developed. The interaction of military drums and wind instruments is mentioned in the chronicles of the city Basel in the year 1332. Swiss drummers were at that time in Europe, highly regarded, which is why the English King Henry VII employed an accounting of his private expenses from 1492, according to two Swiss Tabor player. Basler drum is a standing tradition in this march musical instrument.

Play

Since the 12th century the flute and drum players presented the simplest form of a dance band represents the style of play on both instruments at the same time assumes that the produced with a hand drum rhythm must be correspondingly simple. The player should best hit close to the edge and jump to the running above the diaphragm snare string in order to achieve an even snare sound. Regardless of the time signature of the first beat of the rhythmic pattern is emphasized. Many pieces of Renaissance music are set in 3/4 or 6/8-measure and change several times during the game for a short time in the other rhythm, occasionally holding the ensemble members both rhythms together.

Similarly, served in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a musician in addition to the one-hand flute instead of the tabor tambourine de Bearn. This stringed instrument in the form of a Bordunzither was the drum beat as with a stick.