Tenthredo

Tenthredo scrophulariae

Tenthredo is a genus of the family of Real sawflies ( Tenthredinidae ). Carl von Linné 1758 forgave those derived from the ancient Greek ( τενθρηδών ) name, such as " a wasp, which invests its nest in the ground " means. He summarized under this name a number of species that are now considered the genuine sawflies, but also in such diverse plant families such as wasps Keulhornblattwespen ( Cimbicidae ) or sword wasps ( Xiphydriidae ) are classified. Type species of the genus is the figwort sawfly ( Tenthredo scrophulariae ). Many species of the genus are like this, black-yellow " wasp -like" drawn and of a size similar to wasps; but they lack as all the typical sawfly wasp waist of the stinging relationship.

The genus is 100 species with several one of the largest within the sawfly. In Central Europe it is represented by about 50 species.

Features

The species are medium in size with body lengths of 10 to 15 millimeters and strong. They are conspicuously colored; In addition to the black and yellow already mentioned contact black - red, black to low white or green species with black markings. The common feature of the genus is the combination of large compound eyes converge their inner edges down to the head shield back strongly and at the anterior border usually much early upper lip. The latter feature distinguishes it from the genus Rhogogaster also converging with eyes, but just abgestutzter upper lip.

The antennae are as in almost all species of the family neungliedrig and without conspicuous formations, either most as long as the head and thorax together and slightly thickened ( Tenthredo Linnaeus, 1758; Allantus Jurine, 1801) or thready and much longer than head and thorax together ( Tenthredella Rohwer, 1910). Few species have yellow sensor; usually these are black, often with basal brightened limbs or distal white drawing. The mandibles are large and strong. The legs are also normal and without conspicuous formations; the rear hips and rear legs are not extended, so that the rear leg tip the abdome not reached ( distinguishing the genus Macrophya ).

In the forewing radial cell has a cross- vein; Basalader and origin of Cubitalader are far away from each other. The elongated cell at the posterior margin ( Analzelle ) of the front wing has a straight cross vein.

Some species can be identified based on their characteristic staining readily and without aids immediately (eg Tenthredo temula: Basic color black, 3 Abdominaltergit drawn consistently wide yellow, 4 yellow on the sides, black in the middle), while others are the staining characteristics significantly trickier and is safe for determination the preparation of the saw is necessary ( " arcuate - schaefferi complex" ).

Almost all the females and many males can be determined with the easily accessible key in the " Stresemann ".

Way of life

The animals fly from May to mid-summer. Many Imagines are predators, they are not rarely found in high summer on flowers of umbelliferous plants, where they can prey on smaller insects. Other Imagines are regularly seen near the food plant of the larvae (eg Tenthredo scrophulariae of Scrophularia ( Brown Wurzen ). Tenthredo solitaria at Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias ) Tenthredo is koehleri often seen in geraniums or ranunculus flowers, the larva lives of foam herbs ( Cardamine ). generally, the larvae live hidden in their food plants.

For considerable confusion assigning the food plants, the observation that the females drop eggs with her ovipositor into the plant tissue of various plants, taken care of. The conclusion drawn from this, the species are polyphagous, is questionable at least in some cases now familiar: the first instar larvae leave the plant tray quickly to visit their actual food plant. In some cases, the Monophagie or Oligophagie has long been known (eg Tenthredo sulphuripes to Sichelblättrigem Hare's Ear ( Bupleurum falcatum ), in others there is evidence that certain parts morphologically variable " species " are biologically separated by different food plant choice.

Dissemination

The genus is Holarctic spread. In Europe (at least) 101 species and 7 subspecies occur, from North America are about 120 species are known. One focus of the occurrence of species in the Caucasus seems to be another in East Asia. Were in Japan, China and India and are currently per year discovered and described several new species.

Occurrence

It is striking that the individual species of the genus are obviously tied to different height levels. While in the lowlands some species (eg Tenthredo campestris, Tenthredo mesomela, Tenthredo notha ) are common, species such as Tenthredo ferruginea or Tenthredo koehleri added in collinen area. Only from the montane occur Tenthredo crassa or Tenthredo on velox, alpine is Tenthredo korabica. The greatest species diversity is achieved in the colline / montane zone.

System

From Enslin quoted as saying to the genus Allantus and Tenthredo: " The generic term strikes me as something extremely convenient to order and registration of the species, but as something quite artificial; what was regarded as a genus two hundred years ago, is today in a hundred or more, genera ' split and in but a hundred years, the present generic term will probably have even more significant change, a sign that he simply nothing fixed limited in nature even lying, but merely an arbitrary overview of certain characters to a group. "

The systematics within the genus is still unclear. The former, for Central and Western Europe quite reasonable division into two genera ( Tenthredo Linnaeus ( short, easy culled sensor and stocky, mostly black and yellow marked ) and Tenthredella Rohwer ( for the slimmer styles with long, threadlike antennae ) ) is already not hold when considering Eastern European species. The various proposals for the subdivision of the large class have not yet discussed fully satisfactory today.

Species in Europe

The following 101 species and 7 subspecies are known from Europe:

Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) bifasciata bifasciata OF Müller 1766
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) bifasciata OF Müller 1766
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) bifasciata rossii ( Panzer, 1804)
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) bifasciata violacea ( Ed. Andre 1881)
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) caucasica cinctaria Enslin 1912
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) caucasica Eversmann 1847
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) costata Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) excellens ( Konow 1886)
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) jelochovcevi Vassilev 1971
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) meridiana Serville 1823
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) neobesa Zombori 1980
Tenthredo ( Cephaledo ) segmentaria Fabricius 1798
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) arida ( Lacourt 1995)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) baetica baetica Spinola 1843
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) baetica dominiquei ( Konow 1894), in Raphanus
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) baetica Spinola 1843
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) canariensis ( Schedl 1979)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) caspia ( Ed. Andre 1881)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) clathrata Enslin 1912
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) confusa Serville 1823
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) contigua ( Konow 1894)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) dahlii Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) flaveola Gmelin 1790, at Brassica
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) koehleri Klug 1817 in Cardamine
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) limbalis Spinola 1843
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) llorentei ( Lacourt 1995)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) maculipes Serville 1823
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) sabariensis ( Mocsary 1880)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) semi rufa ( Ed. Andre 1881)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) vilarrubiai ( Conde 1935)
Tenthredo ( Elinora ) xanthopus Spinola 1843
Tenthredo ( Endotethryx ) adusta Motschulsky 1866
Tenthredo ( Endotethryx ) campestris Linnaeus 1758, at Aegopodium
Tenthredo ( Endotethryx ) crassa Scopoli 1763, at Angelica
Tenthredo ( EUR Gaster ) mesomela Linnaeus 1758, to, inter alia, Epilobium
Tenthredo ( EUR Gaster ) microps Konow 1903

Tenthredo ( EUR Gaster ) mioceras ( Enslin 1912)
Tenthredo ( EUR Gaster ) obsoleta Klug 1817 in Plantago
Tenthredo ( Maculedo ) diana Benson 1968
Tenthredo ( Maculedo ) maculata Geoffroy 1785 at Dactylis
Tenthredo ( Maculedo ) trabeata Klug 1817 at Cicerbita
Tenthredo ( Maculedo ) vespiformis cabinet 1781
Tenthredo ( Murciana ) sebastiani ( Lacourt 1988)
Tenthredo ( Olivacedo ) eburata Konow 1900
Tenthredo ( Olivacedo ) olivacea Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Paratenthredo ) frauenfeldii Giraud 1857
Tenthredo ( Paratenthredo ) Giraudi ( Taeger 1991)
Tenthredo ( Paratenthredo ) merceti ( Konow 1905)
Tenthredo ( Paratenthredo ) monozonus ( Kriechbaumer 1869)
Tenthredo ( Temuledo ) temula Scopoli 1763 on Ligustrum
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) amurica Dalla Torre 1894
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) asperrima Lacourt 1980
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) atra Linnaeus 1758
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) balteata Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) bipunctula Klug 1817, at Petasites
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) borea Enslin 1919
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) colon Klug 1817 at Circaea
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) cunyi Konow 1886
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) decene Zhelochovtsev 1939
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) eburneifrons WF Kirby 1882
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) enslini (Schirmer 1913)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) fagi tank 1798, at Corylus
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) ferruginea cabinet 1776
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) ignobilis Klug 1817, on Sedum
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) livida Linnaeus 1758, at Arctium
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) luteipennis Eversmann 1847
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) mandibular Fabricius 1804 to Petasites
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) moniliata Klug 1817 at Menyanthes
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) nevadensis Lacourt 1980
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) nympha Pesarini 1999
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) procera Klug 1817 at Petasites
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) rubricoxis ( Enslin 1912), on Senecio

Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) Silensis A. Costa 1859
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) simplex Dalla Torre 1882
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) sobrina Eversmann 1847
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) solitaria Scopoli 1763, on Euphorbia cyparissias
Tenthredo ( Tenthredella ) velox Fabricius 1798 on Alnus
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) albiventris ( Mocsary 1880)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) albiventris picena Pesarini 1989
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) algoviensis Enslin 1912
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) arctica (CG Thomson, 1870)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) brevicornis ( Konow 1886), to Lotus
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) Devia ( Konow 1900)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) jacutensis ( Konow 1897)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) korabica Taeger 1985
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) largiflava ( Enslin 1910)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) luteocincta Eversmann 1847
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) margin ella Fabricius 1793 to Mentha
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) nigripleuris ( Enslin 1910)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) notha Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) propinqua Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) pyrenaea Taeger & Schmidt 1992
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) schaefferi Klug 1817
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) scrophulariae Linnaeus 1758, at Scrophularia
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) sulphuripes ( Kriechbaumer 1869), Bupleurum falcatum on
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) thompsoni (Curtis 1839)
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) umbrica Benson 1959
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) vespa Retzius 1783 at Acer
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) violettae Lacourt 1973
Tenthredo ( Tenthredo ) zona Klug 1817 on Hypericum
Tenthredo ( Zonuledo ) amoena Gravenhorst, 1807, in Hypericum
Tenthredo ( Zonuledo ) bizonula ( Enslin 1910)
Tenthredo ( Zonuledo ) distinguenda (Stein 1885)
Tenthredo ( Zonuledo ) flavipennis Brullé 1832
Tenthredo ( Zonuledo ) lacourti Taeger 1991
Tenthredo ( Zonuledo ) zonula Klug 1817 on Hypericum

Clypeus Labrum (arthropod mouthpart) Mandible (insect mouthpart)

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