Tongva people
The Tongva or Gabrieleño (also Gabrielino ) are a Native American people in the Los Angeles area.
The Tongva are a subgroup of the formerly known as " Mission Indians" known indigenous people of the Los Angeles Basin and the offshore islands (Santa Catalina, San Nicholas, San Clemente and Santa Barbara ). Closely related to the Tongva are the Serrano (Spanish for " mountain people "), which were located in the northern San Gabriel Mountains, and to the east in San Bernardino County.
Culture
There is only sparse information about the culture of the Tongva prior to their Christianization to 1770. Their mythology and traditions were not recorded until generations after the Christianization of ethnologists and are therefore fragmentary. One of the earliest sources is authored by Hugo Ried letter from the year 1852. Kroeber (1925 ) attempted an overall view of the myths of Takic speaking peoples, among whom were the Tongva. Kroeber describes the popular belief of the Tongva prior to their Christianization as mythic - ritual -social six -god pantheon ( " mythical- ritual -social six - gods - Pantheon "). The central figure of this mythology, in the role both as a cultural and legislators as well as the creator, with strong features of a Christ - figure, Chinigchinix was also known under the name Quaoar ( first occupied in Ried (1852 ) in the spelling of Qua - o- ar).
History
History and linguistic classification
The Tongva belong to the group of Takic speaking peoples within the Uto -Aztecan language family. The Takic group was at home in today's Greater Los Angeles and formed probably out about 3000 years ago. This group split into the Cupan ( Luiseño - Juaneño ) and the Tongva Serrano languages. The temporal depth of this cleavage is estimated by experts to be about 2000 years and compared with the variability of the Romance languages in Europe. In contrast, the cleavage of the Tongva Serrano group is in the language of the Tongva one hand and the other hand Serrano much younger and probably a result of the submission of these groups by the Spaniards. The whole Takic language group is extinct or moribund. The last Tongva spokesman died in the early 20th century. From Cupan group a few dozen surviving native speakers were known around 2000. However, there are also efforts since the 1990s to revive these languages. The neighboring tribe of the Chumash had cultural similarities with the Takic peoples, in particular the construction of ocean-going canoes. However, they are linguistically unrelated and likely represent an older layer of language is that was migrated from the Uto- Aztecan speakers.
History since colonization
The first European ship reached the coast of Southern California in 1542, with the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Cabrillo has already described the canoes of the natives. The time between this contact and the Spanish Conquest (1542-1770) is sometimes referred to as " proto- historic". Cabrillo wintered 1542/43 in the Santa Barbara channel, and it is possible that this first contact is already detriment to epidemics and corresponding demographic shifts led the Chumash.
The Spanish colonization and missionary of California begins in the late 17th century and reached the area of today's U.S. State (Upper California ) around 1770. The Mission San Gabriel was opened in 1771. At this time, now known as the Tongva and Serrano tribes were probably not yet separated into two clear groups. Their population was estimated 5,000 people at this time. The costs associated with the Mission San Gabriel natives were called in the 19th century with Gabrieleño. Part of the Tongva was also associated with the Mission San Fernando Rey and was accordingly called Fernandeño. Christianization and the subjugation by the Spaniards led to a rapid loss of culture. The tradition of the construction of sea-going canoes ( ti'at ) had already disappeared in the 1830s.
The self-designation Tongva was registered after 1900. It was written by Mrs. James V. Rosemeyre ( Narcisa Higuera ), which was one of the last native speaker of the Tongva language, as well as the source of a large part of their known vocabulary. Since the 1990s, there is a movement for cultural and linguistic revival of the Tongva. It is only since that time, the self-designation Tongva is preferred, but the previously popular Gabrielino remains in use. 1994, applied the organization Gabrielino / Tongva of San Gabriel to official recognition of the federal government. This application is still pending. The State of California recognized the organization but as a charity. Since the 1970s, there were attempts by anthropologists to reconstruct the sea-going canoe ( ti'at ). 1993 ti'at by members of the Tongva tribe was rebuilt in 1995 and successfully rowed to Santa Catalina Iceland, about 30 km off the California coast.
2001 there was a split because of disputes over a planned Indian casino. The breakaway group was located in Santa Monica and split again in 2006, in the group Gabrielino / Tongva Nation Tribal Council on the one hand and Gabrielino - Tongva Tribe on the other. Since this date, the three - Tongva organizations have variously accused and prosecuted. The total number of members of these three organizations is estimated at about 1,500 people; this number must be enjoyed with caution because all the Gabrielino - Tongva Tribe in particular, represented by the lawyer Jonathan Stein, liberal members recruited with the intention to act as the largest of the three warring groups and therefore " official representative " of the tribe.