Tovaria

Tovaria pendula

The Tovaria are the only plant genus of the mono- generic family Tovariaceae from the order of Kreuzblütlerartigen ( Brassicales ). The only two species are native to the Neotropics.

  • 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Tovaria species grow as annuals to perennial herbaceous plants, subshrubs, or small shrubs. When wood formation the rings missing. The line vessels are only just spotted. The root comprises a thin Endodermisschicht.

The alternate arranged leaves are stalked. A typical feature are rough, three-part leaf blades with smooth margin. The stomata are anomocytisch (without extra cell ) and correspond to the so-called Ranunculacea type. The Blattaderung is simple arc. The stipules are located directly on the trunk or at the base of the leaf or mostly missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

Tovaria species form terminal, loosely structured and axillary, racemose inflorescence with bracts.

The radial symmetry, hermaphrodite flowers are usually achtzählig, rarely six or neunzählig. Within the flower there is nectar production, which is aubgegeben via modified stomata. All flowers constituents are clearly developed. The sepals are not fused. The petals can be nailed short, its color varies from yellow, green and white. There are also eight, rarely six or nine fertile stamens present, where they are the sepals according to the Alternanzregel opposite, so it lacks the inner stamen circle; they are neither each other nor fused with the petals. A Gynophor is present, but relatively short. The seated on a short style six-part scar is capable of nastic movements and can spread. Six, rarely five or eight carpels are fused into a superior ovaries. In Tovaria diffusa the carpels are in alternation to the stamens. In Tovaria pendula this could not be observed; here but a variation of the individual floral organs within an inflorescence was observed. There are many arranged in rows of ovules per carpel are first placed anatrop. After fertilization, but these are campylotrop by developing the Exotegmen. Other features observed in the ovules are curved micropyle and an elongated funiculus.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit is a berry, and contains a larger amount of small seeds. The cells outside of the ovule can be increased, within the testa they are small.

Chromosome number

The chromosome number is n = 14

Dissemination

The occurrence of the two Tovaria species is restricted to the Neotropics. They are native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, only Jamaica and the northern and north- western South America.

System

The first publication of the genus Tovaria took place in 1794 by the Spanish botanists Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón y Jiménez ( Ruiz & Pav ) in the flora of Peru Vianae, et chilensis Prodromus, 49 type species is Tovaria pendula Ruiz et Pavon ( Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peru Vianae et chilensis, 1798, p 85 ). Synonyms for Tovaria Ruiz & Pav are Bancroftia Macfad. and Cavaria Steud .. The Tovariaceae family was erected in 1891 by Ferdinand Albin Pax in The natural plant families, 3 ( 2 ), pp. 207.

Tovaria is the only genus of the family Tovariaceae. Due to reclassifications, according to recent molecular biological studies that do not seem to be definitive, currently remain in the genus Tovaria only two species in this genus.

There are only two types of Tovaria:

  • Tovaria pendula Ruiz & Pav ( Syn: Bancroftia pendula ( Ruiz & Pav ) Kuntze ): Locations in Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
  • Tovaria diffusa ( Macfad. ) FAWC. & Rendle ( Syn: Bancroftia diffusa Macfad. ): Locations in Jamaica, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru.

The Tovaria Neck. ex Baker. is a synonym for the genus Maianthemum and not to be confused with the above -mentioned type.

Phytochemistry

The types of Tovariaceae family are among the plants that typically glucosinolates (also glucosinolates ) and the associated cleavage enzyme of glucosinolates, myrosinase have. This points to the close relationship to the caper family ( there the genus Tovaria was previously classified ) as well as to the Brassicaceae out. The production of tannin is also detectable.

Swell

The information in this article originate for the most part the following sources:

  • O. Appel, Clemens Bayer: Tovariaceae in: Klaus Kubitzki (ed. ): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non- betalain Caryophyllales. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2002, pp. 397-399. ISBN 3-540-42873-9 ( morphology, phytochemistry )
  • Description of Tovariaceae on the APG website. Query: June 26, 2007
  • Description of the family in DELTA. (English ) query: August 8, 2008

Additional references:

  • Ferdinand Albin Pax: The natural plant families. Engler and Prantl of, 2nd edition 1936 ( post Tovariaceae )
  • Peter Goldblatt: Chromosome number in two cytologically unknown New World families, Tovariaceae and Vivianiaceae, In: . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 65, No. 2, 1978, p 776-777.
  • FD Boese angle: Ovule and seed development of Tovaria pendula Ruiz et Pavon, In: . Bot Jahrb Syst, Volume 111, 1990, pp. 389-401. .
Vessel element Stigma (botany) Ovary (botany) testa (botany) Middle America (region)
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