Transportation planning

Transport planning is a field in transport ( especially in traffic engineering and transport engineering), whose task is the optimal design of traffic systems. Should be taken into account qualitative and quantitative requirements on the economy, efficiency and safety of transport processes for current and future generations (the principle of sustainability). Transport planning is based on knowledge of the traffic flow, on the traffic engineering and transport organization. Transport planning emerged in the second half of the 20th century civil engineering, particularly in the fields of design and dimensioning of transport facilities as well as geography, architecture and geodesy. Meanwhile, the transport planning has established itself as a separate work area within the Transport Sciences.

The term transport planning

Depending on the context, the term transport planning can have different meanings. Thus, this term stands for, inter alia

• The design and interpretation of transport infrastructure and transport network design ( transport planning in the traditional sense, cf traffic engineering )
• Within the traffic engineering the Development of operating plans for public transport systems ( literally " of intercourse ," such as timetabling, vehicle use and maintenance plans )
• Measures to control the traffic through construction and infrastructural measures, both in continuous use as well as for maintenance, as well as exceptional events - as Verkehrsleitplanung or traffic management refers to: This includes about congestion, traffic flow optimization approximately by building green waves, interaction of the individual road user groups (such as cyclists / Fußgeher / road ), the private with the public transport, and of stationary traffic ( Parkleitplanung ), traffic calming, site planning, power steering visitors at festivals, and v. a m.
• Refers to the study of traffic flows in a limited traffic area using traffic analysis, traffic surveys and means of optimization, also known as Theoretical transport planning
• The design of integrated transport systems, taking into account the specific characteristics of the modes of transport and their transport ( inter alia, transport geography, traffic engineering, traffic engineering, traffic operations technology ), the concerns of different planning authorities ( environmental planning, urban development planning, etc. ) and affected groups of people and the environment - also known as Integrated Transport Planning referred
• Especially in the economic planning of centrally planned economies: transport policy enforcement and economic objectives by determining the future transport services (so that design of the whole transport system ) based on demand forecasts, ie the conceptual work for the long- term development of the traffic space as part of a use planning to spatial planning - earlier than general transport planning referred to, since the 90s, especially at regional or local level as transport development planning. In a similar direction of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan is (Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan SUMP ), which has been developed on behalf of the European Commission, but has not yet been applied in the German-speaking countries in this form.

Tasks

Task of transport planning, it is, inter alia, the effects of measures that affect the traffic estimate. These effects should be an improvement of the actual situation in the ideal case. Transport planning affects the transport medium to long term through various transport planning instruments. It deals with various aspects and mediates between different actors related to the transport system or its effects in combination:

• Political aspects (eg German Federal Transport Infrastructure Planning, Regional Development planning, general transport policy )
• Economic aspects ( transport systems must, at least economically, count )
• Constructive aspects (infrastructure, vehicles, energy),
• Social aspects ( accessibility, availability, short, mobility, see also Traffic Psychology )
• Operational aspects ( interface for traffic engineering, considered parts of " private transport " and "Public transport " ),
• Influence of the environment ( ambient or environmental aspects), so the traffic area adjacent to the rooms and systems, such as other industries, other regions abroad, the biosphere ( Transport Geography, partly Transport Ecology ).

The work in transport planning is characterized by the effects of the following factors:

• Longevity of transport infrastructure: Once planned, once built - the project must be managed.
• Network character: the structures of transport are everywhere. Changes are very resource intensive. Reactions to changes in the structure are complex.
• Planning paradigms: Transportation is a socially well -linked structure, which is subject to frequent and v. a wide range of influences. The need is between the compensation or for further development.
• Fluctuating demand: if holiday gridlock, rush hour or the daily commuters. The transport system is subject to a very changeable intensity of use.
• Transport service is a service: The capacity shall be such that all demand is satisfied immediately, because you can not produce on stock transport services. The problem resulting from the inability of capacity constraints ( cf. fluctuating demand ) can be solved by intelligent transport system or mobility management.
• Many stakeholders: In addition to the " insiders " of the transport system also pursue politicians, user groups, victims and other stakeholders their interests. The object of the "Integrated Transport Planning " is the mediation between all interests.
• Competing modes of transport: each still existing mode of transport is determined on the basis of its specific offer for an equally specific demand. The intelligent linking of the various systems is also a special feature in the work of the Transport Planning (design and conception) as well as the logistics and transport Industrial Engineering ( in everyday business).

In addition to the overarching approach, integrated transport planning - ie involving all stakeholders involved as well as the best possible use and interconnection of transport modes - to operate, to ensure sustainable transport planning should consider the postulate of sustainability. The demand for not only socially and economically, but also environmentally sustainable transport development is basically met through the following approaches:

• Traffic avoidance: Assignment of existence basic functions of human life such as housing, utilities, work and leisure, with the aim to avoid short distances traffic.
• Modal shift: Offer optimization in resource-efficient modes of transport with the aim to encourage motorists to switch to public transport.
• Bring Systemic and technical innovations are used to handle the necessary mobility needs easy on the environment: Environmentally sound management.

Special tasks

Rostering

In transport, the roster is the planned series of voyages that a specific vehicle ( railway vehicle, tram, trolleybus or bus ) is carried out in a specific time period in aviation, the period will need the aircraft and crew for round-trip flights to several destinations in a row. See also: driving game and course ( public transport ).

Closely linked by similar methodology and with the circulation planning is the task of manpower planning.

Literature and links

• Bad, Anette: Orders of traffic. Work at the Modern - German and British Transport Expertise in the 20th century, Bielefeld: transcript, 2011
• Witzany, Günther ( ed.): Sustainable urban and transport planning. How much Kohr needs the City, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010
• Ahrens, Gerd- Axel: The new evidence of the Research Society of Highway and Transportation for traffic development planning. Presentation on October 15, 2012 in Dresden ( PDF; 840 kB)
• Rupprecht Consult - Research and Consulting GmbH: plan for sustainable urban mobility - Planning for People (PDF, 1.5 MB) Cologne 2012