Turkish literature

Turkish literature refers to the literature of the early Turkish Turkish-speaking tribes of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, and - more broadly - the Turkish-language literature that is produced outside of Turkey.

History

Pre-Islamic period

Before the adoption of Islam, the written and oral Turkish literature was influenced by the nomadic culture. The knowledge of the oral Turkish literature today comes from Chinese, Arab and Iranian sources. The first oral works were legends, the oldest is the saga of Alp Er Tunga. The story is about the victory of the Lord of the Iranian army.

The Ergenekon legend tells how the Gok - Turks have melted a gate of iron to get out of " Ergenekon " and in the Bozkurt saga is reported about the myth according to which the Gok - Turks are descended from the wolf. In addition to the legends were Lamentations, love and nature poems and proverbs that were presented at religious ceremonies and victory celebrations, other components of the early Turkish oral literature.

Early Islamic period

The Turks came in the first half of the 10th century, converted to Islam, was previously shamanism distinctive element of Turkish companies. The Islamic religion also changed the social life and thus language, form and content of the literature. With Islam, the influence of Arabic and Persian language rose to Turkish literature. " Kutadgu Bilig " (11th century), which deals with religion, the state, politics and education, was the first work of Turkish literature after the acceptance of Islam. Al- Kāschgharī wrote the dictionary for Turkish language "Diwan Lughat at- Turk ". It contains 7500 words from various dialects of Turkish language. Other important people in literature were Ali SIR Nevai and the Mughal emperor Babur Shah Ali SIR Nevai for his poems, dictionaries and books on the language Mughal emperor Shah Babur mainly due to his autobiographical work " Vekayi Babürname ".

From the 11th century Turkey's Turkish formed with the Turks, who settled in Anatolia, out. The Islamic influence lasted from the 11th century until the middle of the 19th century. During this time, the development of Turkish literature are divided into two main groups. Firstly, in the Diwan- literature and on the other in the popular literature. (see also Meddach )

The best-known work around - the Seljuk era is the Ġarībnāme ( "Book of Strange ") of the Sufi sheikhs ʿ asiq Pasha ( ʿ Alī bin Muhlis, 1272-1332 ). It consists of over 10,000 couplets ( Masnawī ), the ( bāb ), these in turn are divided into ten chapters in ten chapters. Each chapter deals with a topic that is related to its respective number. Among other things, the four elements and the fifth chapter dealt with the five senses in chapter 4. The topics are moral and philosophical. The grave ( Turbe ) of the successor of Jalal ad-Din ar - Rumi ( 1207-1273 ) poet standing in Kırşehir was a place of pilgrimage.

Still from vorosmanischer time comes the epic of Gesser Chan, who is known as the largest Central Asian Epenzyklus in Tibetan, Mongolian and Turkish. The large Turkish folk epic " Dede Korkut ", which tells of the struggle of the Turkic tribes against each other and against the Christian Eastern Roman Empire. It was probably written in the 15th century. This work is also similar to the "People's novel" Seyyid Battal Ghazi of the 13th century, which contains, besides Turkish, Arab and Persian influences and in a fabulous way reflects epics from the early history of the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman period

The literature of the Ottoman Empire can be periodise into four sections. The Alto Manic literature includes all works up to about the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Then followed by the time of the Classic Ottoman literature to about 1600th It is characteristic that Istanbul is the new spiritual center of the country. At the same time the Arab- Persian influence increases. With the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the so-called " post-classical period " begins. With the Edict of Gülhane ( " Hatt- ı Serif " ), the time of modernity and the influence of European literature begins.

Alto Manic literature

One of the first known representative of Turkish literature was the mystic Yunus Emre, who founded in the 13th century, the Dervish seal and both the courtly and inspired the popular culture. Are attributed to him a variety of folk songs.

Classic Ottoman literature

The literature of the Ottoman Empire was dominated by Islamic mystics and specifically focused on Persian literature, such as the ghazal seal of Fuzuli in the 16th century. The contents are mainly praises secular and religious authorities, and love poetry. The language is sophisticated from the vocabulary and the meter forth - and equally firmly together. The courtly literary language (see Ottoman language ) was up to about 80 % of Arabic and Persian words. In this form it was only the educated classes of the Ottoman Empire accessible. The highlight of the Persian influence is considered the poet's work Nergisi. Then slowly began a gradual simplification of the language.

Were particularly important in the travel accounts of Evliya Çelebi (1611-1682), which belong to the great travelogues of world literature.

Modern

With the Tanzimat period, mid-19th century Western influences become stronger as in politics, in literature. After western literature became increasingly translated into Turkish, appear the first Turkish novels in the 1870s. The first Turkish work of this genre of literature ( applies Sami Frashëris book Ta'aşşuk -ı Tal'at ve Fitnat ( "The love of Tal'at and Fitnat " ) of 1872. Plays a special role in the modernization of the newspaper Servet -i Fünûn " treasure of knowledge " ) with the poet Tevfik Fikret and the novelist Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil one. At the same time also a nationalist and patriotistische seal comes on.

Towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the first translations of modern Turkish literature have been made into German. Pioneers here were the Orientalist Georg Jacob, virtually the founder of the modern Turkish Studies in Germany, and lives in Istanbul journalist and philologist Friedrich Schrader, who also wrote numerous review articles on modern Turkish literature in German newspapers and magazines.

Oral literature

In addition, a folk literature, consisting especially of folk songs and stories of folk heroes such as Nasreddin Hoca Keloğlan and developed ( remotely comparable to Till Eulenspiegel ).

In Germany Elsa Sophia von Kamphoevener published Turkish folk tales that she had told in German radio stations since 1951.

Turkish Republic

With the proclamation of the Republic and the Atatürk reforms, especially the introduction of the Latin script in 1928 and the major language reform from 1932, there were revolutionary changes in Turkish literature. The new writers turned away from the traditional close-knit stylistics and language. This was especially propagated by the Garip poets Orhan Veli order.

With the form of increasingly altered the contents of Turkish literature. For example, Fakir Baykurt, Sabahattin Ali and Yaşar Kemal introduced the villagers in the center, Sait Faik and Hasan Ali Toptas the townspeople. In turning to the description of the living conditions of social and political criticism of the state was inevitable. The state responded with censorship and political violence. Authors such as Nâzım Hikmet, Yaşar Kemal Aziz Nesin or spent because of the persecution of their publications for many years in Turkish prisons. Kemal described the prison, therefore, as a " school of Turkish literature ."

In the Turkish poetry of the 1950s, the movements Garip and Second New excelled. One of the most important Turkish poets of the 20th century was Fazil Hüsnü Daglarca, of which several volumes of poetry have been published in German translation.

Beginning of the 20th century developed into a popular sentimentalistische - commercial literature. Güzide Sabri Aygun published the first popular romance novels (eg منور Münevver of 1901). This tradition was in the Republic of Turkey continued period of Kerime Nadir, Muazzez Tahsin Berkand, Mükerrem Kamil Su, Cahit uçuk, Mebrure Sami Koray, Nezihe Muhittin, Peride Celal.

Although censorship and the three military coups (1960, 1971 and 1980) inhibit the development of Turkish literature, there is a very varied and independent Turkish literature today.

A well-known representative of current Turkish literature Nobel Prize winner Orhan Pamuk ( The Black Book 1991, Snow 2005).

Turkish literature in the German-speaking

With the migrant Turkish literature and Turkish-born writer came in the 1960s, also to Western Europe. Books have been translated strengthened. Aras Oren, Yüksel Pazarkaya Emine Sevgi Özdamar or dealt in different ways with life in Germany. Partly this today, also known as German - Turkish literature literature is again carried back to Turkey.

Are known to a wider audience in Germany by Turkish writers, especially the Nobel Prize winner Orhan Pamuk and Nâzım Hikmet and Yaşar Kemal, who was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1997. The prominent German -Turkish author Feridun Zaimoglu, Emine Sevgi Özdamar, Zafer Senocak and Yadé Kara belong to the German-language literature, as they write original in German and publish it. The lively contemporary Turkey literary scene is the German readership largely unknown.

For the publishers in German-speaking, who specializes in Turkish literature in German translation, among other things, include Literaturca (Frankfurt am Main ), manzara ( Pfungstadt ), the Berlin publishers Dagyeli and binooki who based in Northern Germany publishing on the Ruffel and the Zurich Unionsverlag with its series The Turkish library.

Usually end of March, since 2011 the Turkish literary festival " Dil Dile " at the Berlin Volksbühne instead.