Urban planning

Urban planning is concerned with the development of the city as well as the spatial and social structures in the city. Based on this, they provide planning concepts, ideally with due regard to all public and private interests with the aim of minimizing conflict. It assigns to both the public and private construction and controls the geospatial infrastructure development in the city. Urban planning case controls in the context of land use planning in essence, the land use in the municipality.

• 9.1 Study of Urban Planning in Germany
• 9.2 training opportunities in Germany
• 9.3 Study of city planning in Austria and Switzerland
• 9.4 Professional associations / chambers

Introduction

The urban planning employed professionals (mostly city planners and architects, civil engineers, geographers, landscape or space planner) are referred to as a city planner; that title but it is protected by law in all German states and may be used only by the professionals who are entered in the corresponding list of Town Planners and Architects Chambers of the countries. City planners work for the most part in the public administration of the municipalities and private planning offices of Urban / Town Planning, but partly also in architecture, landscape planning, engineering and transport planning agencies, in intermediary institutions as well as to the relevant departments of the universities and colleges. Urban planning is a discipline that is taught at several colleges as a separate subject or as well in a subject-related training such as architecture, civil engineering, geography, spatial planning or transport.

Task of urban planning is to achieve sustainable urban development of cities and towns and their sub-regions. The social, economic and environmental requirements are to be reconciled. A the public good serving socially equitable land use must be guaranteed. City planning should help to ensure a decent environment and protect the natural resources and develop also in charge of the general climate. In addition, the urban form and the townscape and landscape image is to be maintained and developed building culture. Green space and landscape planning are receiving an increasing importance in the context of urban and spatial planning and urban redevelopment.

History of Urban Planning

The earliest evidence of complex urban planning can be found in the Indus Valley Civilization ( Harappakultur ), the BC cities built from about 2600, which had as special among other things, a uniform shape of the cities or the presence of water supply and sewerage.

Urban planning in Germany

The legal basis for urban planning action in Germany is the Federal Building Code ( Building Code ). In BauGB formal procedure for drawing up various plans are regulated. The Building Code distinguishes between the " General Urban Law" and the "Special urban planning legislation ".

General Town Planning Law

The highest priority is also the land-use planning, the plan distinguishes between two plants of varying detail and commitment:

• As a preliminary zoning of the land use plan ( LUP ), which includes the entire municipality and is the basis for the preparation of detailed plans for parts of the municipal area is. In FNP statements about the future distribution of land uses intended to be made, ie the distribution and allocation of residential, commercial, leisure and special areas and the location of important transportation routes. The Land Use Plan is to be developed from the regional plan and has a temporal planning horizon of around 15 years. Upon completion of the installation process with the public and the authorities and other public bodies through extensive involvement of the land use plan is adopted by the council. The land use plan unfolds to the private sector has no legal effect, but is only binding on public bodies.

• For portions of a municipal area are binding land-use plans, the development plans, set up as statutes. After the Building Code, there are three types of development plans: Qualified development plans, project-related development plans ( project and development plans ) and simple development plans. These three types of development plans allows the Building Code or different subspecies such as the development plan of the inner development. Development plans in addition to the statements on the distribution of land uses also include creative fixing and certain land rights. Development plans are plots sharp. They go through and in establishing a rule for a procedure for public and authorities involvement as the land use plan. Development plans are adopted by the council as a statute. They are then immediately right effective against anyone, especially the property owners in the plan area.

Special urban planning legislation

The special town planning law governs the preparation and implementation of urban renewal and development measures for measures of urban redevelopment, the special urban development, urban renewal, social city and the urban heritage protection. It lays down the framework for further urban private initiatives.

In particular, urban planning legislation, there are also the regulations for the installation of conservation statutes, urban planning precepts, social plans and the hardness equalization.

Other provisions in the Building Code

The third chapter of the Building Code regulates the valuation, land matters, responsibilities and administrative procedures.

Because of the provisions of the Building Code Ordinances be adopted:

• The Land Use Ordinance ( BauNVO ) determined for various types of construction areas nature and degree to which a property may be used and provides guidance on design and überbaubare of land.
• The plan characters Regulation ( PlanzV ) provides guidance on the plan plot of land-use plans.
• The Property Valuation Ordinance ( ImmoWertV ) governs the determination of fair value of land.

Bauordnungsrecht

Closely intertwined with the planning law by the Building Code, the building regulations of the federal states. On the basis of the regional building a series of design determinations can be included in the development plans.

Urban planning in Austria

The principle of urban planning is implemented similarly in Austria, as is the case in Germany. Even the planning instruments, such as the zoning plan or building plan are applied in a similar manner. In Austria, the process is performed under the term community planning, with the word ' community ' also incorporates urban settlement structures.

City planning in Switzerland

The process of urban planning in Switzerland is ranked by the Federal Law on Spatial Planning and the respective building and spatial planning laws of the 26 cantons. Urban planning is often based on urban development strategies and master plans. These aim to link the numerous issues of urban planning, such as population and economic development, transportation planning, environmental planning, open space planning, building design, etc.. The main legal instrument of the Swiss city planning is the building and zoning regulations - a development plan in the terminology of the Federal Law on Spatial Planning - the binding for all controls at least the nature and extent of the structural use of the soil. With more detailed so-called special -use plans for the use and development is to urban areas important part set ( " design plans ", " redevelopment plans ", " building regulations ", " development plans "). Are important in city planning but also the informal processes, such as urban planning competitions or architecture competitions. They often form the basis for legal requirements or for contracts with the Bauwilligen.

Informal plans and programs

One of the tasks of urban planning in addition to the processing of formal planning procedures also include the establishment of an informal plan works and programs. Under informal plans all plans without legal basis, are to be understood, which are set up voluntarily by the Planning Administration and therefore only authorities are binding. They are usually used for the development of planning alternatives and should be considered when drawing up formal plans. Although informal plans of all kinds are possible, some standard plan works have emerged:

• City Development Plan
• Urban Design Framework Plan
• Urban development contract

In addition, however also:

• Village Renewal, Local development planning, design of individual measures, building consultancy and support public and private construction
• Development Planning and Regional Studies
• Local Development Plan
• Spatial Plan
• Regional Management
• Regional development concepts
• Town center redevelopment and renovation concepts
• Urban redevelopment district and neighborhood concepts
• Urban use studies for re-use of large-scale industrial sites

And on the upper level of the Trassierungs and transport planning

• Planning approval process

Where the interests of different carriers must be taken into account in the process.

Design planning for public space

To the field of urban planning is also one nor the design planning for the different areas. It is these:

• Square design
• Road design
• Design of outdoor facilities by Distance to public institutions as part of urban renewal and renovation of villages
• Design statutes

In addition, there is a long tradition of planning competitions in urban planning. For particularly demanding urban (or architectural or engineering ) project idea competitions are performed according to certain rules, which lead to a lot of solutions. From the submitted independent juries determine the most appropriate in each design.

Current Topics in Urban Planning

Through social changes also the task areas of the city planning change. While initially focused on the provision of suitable land for residential and commercial use in the foreground, the city planning today employs with other tasks:

• Gentrification: A task that is initially generated more by political- economic projects, as the city planning. Very high rents force or residential property prices over non- residents to rising wages can move to other, more distant parts of the city, or even move into certain neighborhoods. A result, the typical urban mix of all walks is no longer possible. Especially by the built social structures and contacts can not be made possible or even completely resolved because they are too far away.
• Shrinking City: In recent years, urban planning deals with so-called " Shrinking Cities ", thus shrinking cities. You are a phenomenon of critical urban development, which is caused by structural crises, migration and overall population decline due to the imbalance of birth rate and death rate. This city planning does not need to act based on growth, but to deal with the problems arising from the ever more sparsely populated municipalities and the dereliction of entire neighborhoods. A three-year project initiated by the German Federal Cultural Foundation continued until 2006 with the theme of the Shrinking Cities apart and tried to work out solutions.
• Urban Redevelopment: Coping with existing neighborhoods gets a growing importance in urban planning, since in many cases no longer meet the existing settlement structures to today's requirements and require planning measures. The problem of urban redevelopment placed first in East Germany, where emigration from the " housing estates " restructuring made ​​necessary. Meanwhile, the programs have been extended so that nationwide under the program entitled " Urban Restructuring " and " urban renewal West" can now be implemented comprehensive measures for the reorganization of existing neighborhoods or neighborhoods and for the orderly dismantling no longer needed housing.
• Social City: Back in 1999, the Federation and the Länder under the program title "Social City" a support program for " Districts with Special Development Needs " hung up. The aim of this program is to counteract the deepening social and spatial divisions in the cities. In the foreground the involvement of affected populations and local actors in the districts stands (see neighborhood management ). The aim is a holistic planning approach that goes beyond purely structural and design measures.
• Festivalisation: As the applications were to host the 2010 Capital of Culture in Germany, embossed significant questions about the future of urban spaces currently through the planning of major events in the fields of music, leisure or sport. Hopes to growth stimuli and spillover effects by companies in the cultural industries can be found in almost any vision of urban planning again. With great expense particularly inner city areas are prepared and transformed to such events. Targeted national cultural funding from the state lottery, this trend can be observed particularly clearly in city centers of Great Britain ( Millennium projects). Characteristic for the implementation of such large-scale projects are cooperative structures entered into by the municipality with the local private sector and individual actors. Positive examples of a self-sustainable development of urban renewal in the sign of festivalisation found in the revival of city centers of Manchester, Wolfsburg and Lille.
• The people-friendly city is an idea of the urban redevelopment that has arisen due to poor living conditions, environmental problems and lack of infrastructure. Man tries to prevent by the example of a humane city of alienation and anonymity of the company, impoverishment of many urban areas and their populations as well as a general segregation. Foremost among these is that a high standard is maintained. Also, the sense of community is established by researchers as an important criterion for a people-friendly city. All people should find in their district work, care, housing and recreation. A major role is played by the living environment. Parks, playgrounds and other places should have adequate space for recreation and leisure activity. Also, child friendliness plays a role. Environmental scientists are demanding not only in terms of nature to improve the city climate, clean the surface and ground water, restriction of sealing and the E and emissions but also for humane living conditions. In addition, the whole city life should be open to all forms of life and historical backgrounds. The infrastructure should be divided by manageable, subdivided and natural structures.

Education and training

Study of urban planning in Germany

Urban planning can be studied in Germany in degree programs with various specializations. The study concludes with the academic degree Diplom-Ingenieur ( Dipl. -Ing. ) Or in the future with Bachelor and Master from. In some German universities, as well as in Austria and Switzerland, parts of the city planning are offered as a specialization of the architecture, geography or otherwise courses.

Full courses are offered in urban planning expert at the following German universities:

• Technical University of Kaiserslautern ( Spatial Planning / Urban and Regional Development)
• Technical University of Berlin (City and Regional Planning )
• Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ( Urban and Regional Planning)
• University of East Westphalia -Lippe, Detmold study ( urban planning)
• Technical University of Dortmund ( Spatial Planning )
• Fachhochschule Erfurt ( Urban and Regional Planning)
• HafenCity University Hamburg ( Town Planning )
• University of Kassel ( Urban and Regional Planning)
• School of Economics and the Environment Nürtingen (Bachelor urban planning)
• Bauhaus University Weimar ( Urban Studies )

In addition, there are other universities and colleges, where urban planning is offered as a postgraduate or specialization ( here an exemplary selection):

• Rheinisch- Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen ( Architecture / Urban Planning, Applied Geography / Urban Planning )
• FH Aachen ( Master in Urban Planning)
• University of Bayreuth ( Geography / Planning )
• Technical University of Berlin (Master Urban Design)
• Ruhr- University Bochum ( Geography Master in Urban and Regional Development Management)
• Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn ( Surveying / Urban )
• Technical University of Darmstadt ( Architecture / Urban Planning, Bauingenieurwesen/Umwelt- and Regional Planning )
• Technical University of Dresden ( geography with a minor in Urban, Regional and National Planning )
• Fachhochschule Frankfurt ( Architecture / Urban Design )
• HafenCity University Hamburg (Master Urban Design, Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning)
• University of Hannover ( Architecture / Urban Design )
• Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( Master Spatial and Infrastructure Planning )
• University of Applied Sciences Koblenz ( Master in Urban Planning)
• Technical University of Munich ( Master of Architecture / Urban Planning )
• Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster ( Geography with emphasis on Orts-/Regional- and Regional Development / Planning )
• University of Siegen (Master Urban Design )
• University of Stuttgart ( Architecture / Urban Design )
• University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart ( Master in Urban Planning)
• University of Trier ( Applied Geography / Regional Development )

Training opportunities in Germany

After successfully completing their studies is the possibility of continuing vocational qualification for city planners with the urban clerkship. The clerkship is both a preparation for the higher structural management service, on the other hand, a comprehensive practice- oriented additional training. The goal of the clerkship is to impart comprehensive knowledge in the fields of management, law, planning, operations and human resources management, which go far beyond the mediated knowledge in the study.

The training is divided into informational activities and practical work in different departments of the public administration, with emphasis in the planning and construction administration. In addition, there are usually regular weekly working groups of trainees, which in the form of lectures, presentations and field trips extensive knowledge is mediated. Is supplemented by training several long specialization courses. At the conclusion of the two-year clerkship oral and written examinations must be taken, after which the graduates are entitled to bear the title " Bauassessor ".

Some public and private planning agencies, such as municipalities or project development companies, provide for further qualification of urban planning graduates to their own trainee programs. Similar to the clerkship, the candidates are given an opportunity to learn about administrative processes to deepen expertise and incorporate practical.

Study of city planning in Austria and Switzerland

In Austria, Urban Planning at the University of Vienna ( Geography / Spatial Research and Planning ), are studied at the University of Agricultural Sciences ( landscape design) in Vienna, and at the Technical University of Vienna. In Switzerland, the study of urban planning is possible at two universities: as post-graduate studies at the ETH Zurich or the University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil.

Professional associations / chambers

To be allowed in Germany, it is necessary to be a member of the Architectural Association for the title of " City Planner / Urban Planner " lead. Are applicable to the field of urban planning in Germany two professional associations:

• Association for Urban, Regional and National Planning Association ( SRL)
• Information circular of Spatial Planning Association ( IfR )

In Switzerland, is called the professional association

• Association of Swiss planner ( FSU).