Winter diesel fuel

Winter Diesel fuel is a diesel fuel, the additives are added to reduce the flocculation of paraffins at relatively low temperatures. Without these additives form in the fuel lines wax crystals that prevent clogging of the fuel filter by a through flow of diesel fuel from the tank to the engine. The Filtrierbarkeitsgrenze (English: Cold Filter Plugging Point, CFPP ), in which a test filter clogged under defined conditions, is significantly reduced in the winter compared with the summer diesel fuel.

Another reason for the freezing of the normal diesel fuel is that it can take up to 8 percent water, which then freezes in winter. Many diesel cars are equipped with a filter preheating to ensure operation with winter diesel over the CFPP temperature stated also.

  • 2.1 Germany
  • 2.2 Austria
  • 2.3 Switzerland
  • 2.4 Australia
  • 2.5 Belgium
  • 2.6 Denmark
  • 2.7 Finland
  • 2.8 France
  • 2.9 The Netherlands
  • 2.10 Norway
  • 2:11 Poland
  • 2:12 Russia
  • 2:13 Spain
  • 2:14 Czech Republic
  • 2:15 UK
  • 2:16 United States
  • 3.1 flow improvers
  • 3.2 Normalbenzinzumischung
  • 3.3 kerosene
  • 4.1 warming
  • 4.2 Fuel Heater

Commercial varieties

Winter diesel

The Filtrierbarkeitsgrenze ( usability ) of the diesel fuel is regulated by the CFPP value depending on the season in EN 590 - the winter diesel from mid-November has to a CFPP of -20 ° C or lower until you reach the end of February. Many oil companies set the CFPP in the winter months, typically down to -22 ° C. In a transitional period, diesel fuel must operate down to -10 ° C, in Germany this is from early October to mid- November and from early March to mid-April called.

The offered by many oil companies, high-priced premium or diesel fuel grades have a guaranteed CFPP of -24 ° C or -35 ° C, and a typical value of -28 to -38 ° C. In Austria the traffic club ÖAMTC determined in a non-comparable with German conditions test for all samples, a temperature of at least -27 ° C.

At the filling stations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland only winter diesel will be available from November until spring. Therefore, no difference is normally perceptible to the consumer.

The Europe-wide European Standard EN 590 defines six classes of diesel fuels for moderate climates - these have older definition for winter diesel, as superseded in DIN standard DIN 51628. The cloud point is not specified in EN 590, DIN 51603 for fuel oil -10 ° C is required, a cloud point below 1 ° C at CFPP. Available additives achieve a CFPP -20 ° C based on diesel fuel with a cloud point of -7 ° C. The test definition with their standardized laboratory conditions is criticized by ADAC as too weak - in experimental trials with different diesel varieties with different diesel engines in the cold chamber no direct correlation between CFPP and the cold-start capability could be observed.

Polar diesel

In some regions of Europe, where even lower temperatures are expected (eg in Scandinavia), next to the Winter Polar Diesel Diesel still is offered. This is a diesel fuel that is available with the help of other additives partly down to -40 ° C. The general delivery offer includes this as a polar diesel specification with CFPP of -33 ° C.

The EN 590 defines five classes of diesel fuels for arctic climates. Although it is not required by law to engage manufacturers for their premium diesel back to these definitions. A low cloud point in EN 590 ensures that paraffin particles are not precipitated after some time at the bottom of the tank, as the daytime temperatures can resolve this. To achieve a low-temperature resistance beyond class 4, a kerosene -like fuel would be required, which would have a correspondingly low cetane number ( in EN 590 at least 45 Polar diesel).

Supply of gas stations

The measurement methods for diesel fuels are defined in the standard EN 590, the true uniform definitions in all EU plus Croatia, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, countries. This standard was introduced in connection with the establishment of emission standards, which provides for a reduction in the sulfur values ​​for diesel. It includes a filter test the cold filter plugging point (CFPP ). With the " Low Temperature Flow Test " (ASTM D4539 ) has also developed a standardized method to determine the winter hardiness of diesel with additives in the U.S., the D 975 for diesel fuels is not binding, however, in standard ASTM. Both the filter point by CFPP and LTFT are a few degrees above the pour point ( pour point ) at which the diesel can not be pumped.

Germany

The times and minimum requirements are laid down in DIN EN 590. The user-defined requirements for premium diesel in the oil companies include partially CFPP values ​​that go throughout the year on the requirements for winter diesel. (OMV MaxxMotion CFPP -35 ° C, Aral / BP Ultimate Diesel CFPP -24 ° C / -30 ° C) Most gas station chains to secure the winter diesel with CFPP -22 ° C to deliver.

Austria

The transition diesel in Austria guarantees usability to -15 ° C. The offer contained premium diesel in the oil companies include partially CFPP values ​​that go throughout the year on the requirements for winter diesel. (OMV MaxxMotion CFPP -35 ° C, Aral / BP Ultimate Diesel CFPP -24 ° C / -30 ° C)

Switzerland

Although 590 is a distinction between summer and winter diesel in the standard SN EN, a year- diesel has been enforced in Switzerland - the case defined in the standard winter diesel is offered year-round at the gas stations. This led to confusion when the Austrian oil company OMV end of 2010, a premium diesel under the trade name " winter diesel " introduced, which corresponds with a guaranteed CFPP of -35 ° C the quality described above as polar diesel. Other oil companies offer premium diesel, beyond the CFPP values ​​all year guarantee on the requirements for winter diesel. (OMV MaxxMotion CFPP -35 ° C, Aral / BP Ultimate Diesel CFPP -24 ° C / -30 ° C, Agrola clean diesel line CFPP -30 ° C)

Australia

The Australian Standard AS 3570 for diesel vehicle shall designate the limits for the cloud point individually for the twelve calendar months each divided into twelve climatic regions in Australia. The said to the twelve climatic regions values ​​are between -3 ° C and 15 ° C. In Australia, the CFPP value is typically set to 2 ° C below the cloud point. The standard also identifies specific areas in which can be particularly cold weather conditions occur (eg Australian Alps).

Belgium

Belgium took over the European standard for diesel fuels in the national NBN EN 590. The winter diesel is specified by law to act with CFPP -15 ° C. The oil company VanRaak also ensures consistently a CFPP of -20 ° C in the period 1 November to 28 February to October and offers all a transitional diesel with CFPP -11 ° C to. At the gas stations of the brand "power" a winter diesel with CFPP -20 ° C is offered in an extended time frame October 15 to March 15.

Denmark

In Denmark, the standard DS EN autumn applies 590 There are three periods with different CFPP of diesel fuels, according to Winter ( Vinter ), ( Efterår ) and summer (summer) - further stated values ​​correspond to the actual analysis of Shell and Statoil in Denmark.

Finland

Apply the measurement requirements of EN 590

France

In France diesel fuels meet the EN 590 - Class B, E and F, respectively, for summer diesel, diesel winter and onset of winter.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the DIN standard applies (see Winter Diesel Germany ). A separate standard was not published because the supply of petrol occurs frequently across borders (eg in shell).

Norway

Norway has adopted the European specification in classes in the standard NS-EN 590. In the central Arctic winter period this winter diesel according to Class 2 ( Vinterdiesel Arktisk degree 2 ) is offered. The reported periods can vary by ± 14 days depending on the region.

Poland

The statutory minimum periods shall be extended by some gas station chains by a few weeks. In particularly cold winter periods C on Polar diesel to -32 ° rearranged in some regions even -40 ° C. Some oil companies guarantee their premium diesel deeper Filtrierbarkeitsgrenze (BP Ultimate Diesel CFPP -30 ° C throughout the year, Statoil Diesel Gold / Supra Diesel CFPP -40 ° C winter time)

Russia

In Russia, GOST 305-82 " Топливо regulates дизельное. Технические условия » ( Diesel-Kraftstoff. Technical conditions ) the characteristics of diesel. Three climatic qualities are distinguished:

Spain

Apply the measurement requirements of EN 590

Czechia

Times and requirements of the Czech winter diesel ( směsné motorové Nafty ) are governed by ČSN EN 590. The qualities for mild climate are divided into classes A to F grades for Arctic conditions are divided into classes 0-4. The time prescribed varieties correspond to the names as Třída B, D and Třída Třída F (for the actual winter diesel). The diesel offered according Třída 2 denote the polar diesel with a usability least to -32 ° C (about in ski resorts ).

United Kingdom

In the UK, diesel is differentiated into fuel for winter (winter fuel) and summer ( Summer Fuel), in accordance with BS EN 950 / BS EN14214 ( biodiesel ). The same values ​​apply to Ireland in IS EN14214. The delivery for winter diesel starts in November and ends in March.

United States

In the U.S., there are no regulations of the states for a specific period of time, must be offered in the winter diesel and ASTM D 975 has no special test value for the cold properties of diesel fuels. Instead, the standard contains a control to measure the cloud point of the fuel and ensure that it is not more than 6 ° C above the tenth percentile of the temperature minimum of the calendar month of the respective environment. The tenth percentile ( decile ) is calculated from the three coldest days from 30 days a month. ASTM D -975 standard contains a case of maps, for each of which identifies the state of the expected tenth percentile for each month.

Under the provisions of this Directive matching winter diesel is offered at gas stations - the cold properties can be achieved in two ways

  • Winter blend ( " wintry mix " ) - the Petrol Station has been added to No. 1 kerosene in the No. 2 diesel fit.
  • Winterized diesel ( "winter diesel resistant " ) - the No.- 2 diesel additives have been added to match the temperature.

Because treatment with additives is cheaper ( 1:40000 ) as the mixture with kerosene is winter diesel offered for the most part a solid winter diesel. In cold regions, there are No. 1 kerosene at the same gas pump, which gives the driver the opportunity to decide on a wintry mix.

Diesel mixture

Flow improvers

Alternatively, is sometimes recommended to buy appropriate additives in car accessories and mix in itself. This flow improvers are added to the replenished diesel fuel in the tank. These additions are, however, only at a fuel temperature from 20 ° C miscible optimally with the diesel. If the fuel in the tank colder, there can be no optimal mixing and the additives may not be effective.

Oil companies and car manufacturers warn flow improvers to offer the premium diesel or winter diesel (also varieties of the transition period ) to add - the mix of already present in the fuel additives and additives of the flow improver may deteriorate the properties, and instead of a better CFPP may even have the opposite effect set.

Normalbenzinzumischung

Until the early 1990s, was recommended in some operating instructions to mix up to 20% regular gasoline to diesel oil, but with restrictions in the economy and the running behavior of the diesel engine. Today this is usually only in older diesel engines with pre- chamber or swirl chamber injection and relatively simple in-line injection pump as well as purely mechanical distributor injection pump possible, even if they are lubricated by the fuel.

Adding diesel fuel to lower the flash point of the diesel drastically. This leads to an increased risk of explosion and should therefore not be performed for security reasons. More details is in the car manual. Vehicles with common rail or pump-nozzle injection ( since about 2000 in the market), the addition of regular gasoline tolerated basically nicht.Auch case of accidental misfuelling, do not start the engine.

Kerosene

In the U.S. the types of fuel of the middle distillates are sold in classes - the first fraction "No. 1 fuel " corresponds to the petroleum / kerosene, the second fraction " no. 2 fuel " the truck diesel for road transport, the middle fractions are uncommon, the fifth fraction is common as marine diesel oil and the lowest sixth fraction is rarely in use as heavy oil. In the retail network, it is common for the same "no. 1 " - and" no. Offer 2 " Diesel ( according to specification ASTM D975 ) and leave it to the driver, in which the mixing ratio to tank. The proprietary blend is advantageous in view of the long distances many truck transports and rapid weather changes deep into the continent into ( Blizzard ), so that a generalization of a commercial cultivar is often not sufficient. The "No. 1 " Diesel has everyone seems a natural CFFP of -40 ° C and, in general, is for each additional 10% No. 1 diesel to be expected with an enhanced resistance to cold 5 degrees .. The prevalence of No.- 1 diesel has led to some delivery vehicles must be refueled based on diesel engines with the mandatory fuel.

The use of up to 25% kerosene in the tank to improve the cold properties has long been common in Europe, but has been supplanted by the general availability of winter diesel with special additives. The available in the U.S. "no. 1 fuel " is always more expensive than " no. 2 fuel ", so regionally on the wintry commercial varieties ( " winterized diesel " ) use is made - but the definition of the minimum conditions for winter diesel is a matter for the states and is left entirely to the gas station chains in many states. While the uncertainty of the winter hardiness of commercial varieties more for "No. 1 fuel " talking, then a power loss ( consumption ) in the case of the use of in particular in modern gas turbine engines with direct injection " No. 1 fuel " determine and some European car manufacturers for their models include the use of " no. 1 fuel " from all over. This follows similar reasons as the rejection of the addition of gasoline to diesel in modern engines with direct injection - "No. 1 " Petroleum is the boiling fraction between gasoline and" no. 2 " Diesel.

Measures

Heat up

Are the filter system and / or the lines and the fuel tank before jellied once, ie clogged by flocculated paraffin of the diesel fuel, helps external heating of the pump, the filter and the lines to about 20 ° C., eg, by hot water, warm up in a heated garage or in a paint booth. A heating with an open flame is prohibited. This can cause fire or explosion.

Fuel Heater

Automobiles can be structurally adapted for operation at low temperatures. Models for areas with arctic temperatures are supplied as standard with a fuel preheating. Since the flakes in versulzten diesel first reset the fuel filter, the easiest way is electrical heating of the fuel filter - in this way can be driven with diesel instead of summer to -7 ° C to -20 ° C.

Some diesel vehicles will be delivered in Central Europe with a filter preheating. The driving ability of winter diesel improves it over the CFPP value addition - as is true for the VW TDI that winter diesel with CFPP -15 ° C due to the standard fuel preheating to -24 ° C is safe to operate. However, may be more difficult after some time by the state increasingly precipitated paraffin particles of the cold start. Using the argument of climate change automakers have also begun to waive filter preheaters.

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