Zénobe Gramme
Zénobe Théophile Gramme ( April 4, 1826 Liège, † January 20, 1901 in Bois -Colombes ) was a Belgian engineer and inventor.
He was a pattern maker in the workshops of the Compagnie l' Alliance. In 1871 he invented his ring fitting without knowing Antonio Pacinottis invention. This ring fitting has become known as the grams of ash ring or a ring armature motor. He led his " Gramme machine," a dynamo-electric motor with continuous induction, on July 17, 1871 scientists in Paris. In 1888 he was awarded the Volta Prize.
Operating principle of the gram ash ring
Imagine a rod before from a number of magnets which abut with their like poles composed. This rod is bent together to form a ring. The ring slides through a ring coil of copper wire. A simple consideration also tells us that when the ring is fixed, and rotate the coils of wire in the direction indicated by the arrows around to the right, in the left- half and in the right hand a total current is produced. These currents are strongest there, where the ring has his pole, ie at s and n, but they hear in the indifference zone o and w on. However, we can use the two streams merge into a single, if we establish between the spiral turns that currently o and w are located above the points a line that can be best carried out in the manner that we are directly on the wire windings in o and w two metal brushes -B and B can grind, absorb the current. If these two brushes are so wide that they remove the power from the wires before this disappears, we obtain a continuous inductor current from B through the connecting wire by B, is the same as indicated by the arrow. The apparatus therefore acts just like a battery, whose poles are located at B and -B. It is now clear that it is very easy to fall in this way, using powerful electromagnet to generate strong continuous streams, since we know that the strength of the current of the strength of the magnet and the length of the wound on the winding wire depends.
Pacinotti grams Escher ring
The elected by us to explain the emergence of this current arrangement, however, can in the art for the reason not to use because you can not hold the magnetic ring. Now You help in the art for Pacinottis process very easy way that you combined the ring with the wire spiral into a single solid whole, and that you can then rotate the whole thing between the poles of an electromagnet. In place of the two poles S and N of the above illustration, the S and N poles of the electromagnet entered. These induce in the together with the wire spiral rotating between them ring of soft iron, the two magnetic poles n and s, whose magnetism course, always remains in the same place when the ring itself also continues to rotate. This Influenzpole so we can consider two invariant fixed points, sliding away on the ring continuously together with the wound on him wire spiral. These points are also continuously induce turn into the wire spirals an electric current, on the way, as we have just described it in detail. This stream is passed from each wire spiral according to any one mounted on the cylinder axis C, and removed where the brushes B and -B. The device which collects the current and the two streams of the right and left half is combined to form a single continuous stream referred commutator. The brushes, the commutator brushes rub against him hot.
DC generator
The dynamo consists of a ring which is wrapped iron wire. On this ring sit wire coils of copper wire. The beginning and end of the coil are soldered. On the ring sit about 60 to 100 of these coils which have about 300 turns itself. The soldered wire ends are all on the same side of the ring, and come with a collector who sits on the wood core (with the hand) and the ring beam supports, connected. This wood core also forms the shaft of the dynamo. Of these collectors is removed with the aid of brushes, the resulting DC. The magnetic poles are arranged opposite each other on both sides of the ring. A subsequent practical machine was the type supérieur in the base plate, the axle box and the pole pieces are made from a casting.
One of the first applications of this generator for electroplating metal excretion, since it provided especially high current at low voltage. It was first presented at the World Exhibition in Vienna. The Berndorfer metal goods factory she sat for silver plating cutlery is the first company in Austria.
Alternator
Grams also built an alternator, the car Excitatrice. On the shaft are radially arranged plate-shaped electromagnets. The valve ring is an integral ring on which the wider iron wire coils are wound, the ends of the coils pass alternately the north or south side of the ring. In contrast to the direct current dynamo. The rotating electromagnets generated as alternating currents. Such a machine generated electricity for eight Jablotschkow'sche candles at an operating power of 16 hp; Weight 650 kg including 103 kg of copper wire.
His machines provided a less cyclically fluctuating current as the early machines such as the so-called Alliance machines Compagnie l' Alliance. Although they were less complicated than their predecessors, but not completely in their power and no longer met the increasingly sophisticated devices, light bulbs and arc lamps. And so divides frames like many other pioneers of the early history of electricity (such as Glücher, Friedrich von Hefner - Alteneck, Paul Gustave Froment, Gustave Trouvé and others) the same fate of oblivion. For a time, survived the gram ash ring in physics and craft books for young technology - inclined individuals, as well as some models in schools and Physikhörsälen. His engines were gradually replaced by others, and so they were forgotten until the 1930s. Enforced was ultimately the motor / dynamo of Werner von Siemens.