Bible translations

A translation of the Bible transmits manuscripts of the Bible from the ancient languages ​​- Hebrew or Aramaic in the case of the Jewish Tanakh, colloquial Greek ( Koine ) in the case of the Christian New Testament - in a different language. Since the languages ​​change over time ( language change ), the documents must be updated from time to time. Therefore, this older translations are revised ( Bible revision).

The first translations of the Bible originated in Judaism since 250 BC even before the conclusion of the Tanakh. In 2013 there were 2817 languages ​​into which the Bible or parts of it were translated: Total translations in 513 languages ​​, fully translated New Testament in 1294 languages ​​and partial translations into other languages ​​in 1010. Thus the Bible is the most widely used and also the most translated book in the world.

• 2.1 Objectives and main groups of translations 2.1.1 Philological translations
• 2.1.2 Communicative Translation
• 2.1.3 transfers
• 2.1.4 arrangements

• 2.3.1 Time distance and language peculiarities
• 2.3.2 textual variants in the templates

• 3.1 Structure of Trust - the output text-oriented approach
• 3.2 Mode of Trust - the target text-oriented approach
• 3.3 good sense - the mixed approach
• 3.4 Schematic overview
• 3.5 Classification and Measurement of Bible translations

History

Ancient Judaism

After the Babylonian exile ( 539 BC) solved the Aramaic from Hebrew as an everyday language of the Israelites. But remained Hebrew the language of Jewish worship. For the mass of the population parts of the Bible were translated into Aramaic. The oldest known Targums are part of the Dead Sea Scrolls and built around 200 BC They translated the third book of Genesis and the Book of Job.

The Targums were not considered a full replacement of the Hebrew Bible texts, but should help in their study and interpretation. While some of the translated word for word, others went into free paraphrases of the Hebrew originals, and supplemented this with preaching liable interpretations ( midrashim ) and retellings ( Haggadah ). Some Targumim translated the entire Pentateuch, the Prophets other books and more books of the Tanakh. Late resulting Ketubim contain Aramaic passages, which were placed alongside Hebrew chapter or integrated into it.

Until the 5th century including the Targum Jonathan arose for Nebi'im ( prophetic books ) and the Targum Onkelos on the Torah.

Greek

To 250 BC, the translation of the Torah began in the then world language, Greek. Carrier was a collective scholarly diaspora Jews in Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great still metropolis in Egypt; Addressees were Hellenistic Judaism and the Gentile, influenced by Hellenism upper classes in the former East.

The Letter of Aristeas placed the origin of this translation radically Aryan dar. From it derives its name: the Septuagint (abbreviated LXX or G). It includes all the books of the Tanach and some Jewish apocryphal and was completed around 100 AD.

Because the early church it as their Old Testament (AT) took over and expounded in their sense, Judaism created revised Greek translations were trying to preserve the Hebrew text templates stronger than the LXX and based in part on other Hebrew texts. The oldest of these is the revision of Aquila (around 125), who tried every word, every letter and even each morpheme reproduce exactly. The kai- ge - revision of the Twelve Prophets Code ( 150 ) went down in the total revision of Theodotion by 200. It is based on a different Hebrew original than the LXX, which is related to some younger Qumran manuscripts. The revision of Symmachus ( 170 ), however, was interested in a liquid Greek language and therefore free in the choice of words.

However, these revisions could not prevail in Judaism and were forgotten later. Instead, the Jewish scribes concentrated since the loss of the Temple (70 ) and statehood (135 ) drawn up on the standardization and literal transfer of all Hebrew and canonical writings of the Tanakh. This led to about 1000 to an authoritative Masoretentext. In addition, collected and verschrifteten the rabbis their long oral tradition biblical interpretations and discussions. This led to about 600 of the Talmud.

Ancient Christianity

Greek

Many early Christians learned the Scriptures of Israel by the Septuagint know and used this for their own missionary work in the Greek-speaking areas. In the New Testament (NT) to find some quotes from it.

Origen said in his Hexapla ( 240-245 ) six versions of the text of AT in columns side by side: the Hebrew text known to him, its Greek transcription, the revisions of Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, and ( column 5 ), the revised by himself Septuagint. This version in turn was often translated into other languages ​​and thus very influential. Even Lucian of Antioch revised the Septuagint to 300, in part by older Hebrew and Greek texts.

The christian revised Septuagint included the Greek, drawn up, later called deuterocanonical Jewish scriptures. In this form it remained until about 380, the authoritative Bible text for the Christians and the most important model for later Christian Bible translations. The Greek Orthodox and the Cypriot Orthodox Church they use to this day.

Syrian

The Syriac translation of the Old Testament began between 40 and 70 since about 170 first Syriac NT translations of the Gospels harmonies of Tatian are known. Up to 500 sat down among them, the Peshitta Syriac translation as authoritative by. It is based both on some early Targums as well as on Jewish versions of the Septuagint. It is to this day in some churches in the area in use.

In addition, the 615/617 resulting so-called Syrohexapla of Bishop Paul of Tella of scientific importance because they translated the Hexaplatext (5th column). They kept all editorial character of Origen for surplus production of the Septuagint against the Hebrew text, or vice versa. So they allowed a reconstruction of the not yet revised Septuagint.

Latin

Up to 200 different Latin translations of the Old Testament, summarized as Vetus Latina or Itala emerged called in Christianity. The deciding factors was the ajar to the Latin translation of the Septuagint, Jerome, the Vulgate resulting 382-420. She has starred in numerous revisions since the 7th century in the Roman Catholic Church is still valid today Bible text. Then there was a long time no other Bible translations.

Other

The Eastern Churches used outside the Greek -speaking world early translations into the local language (compare Old Church Slavonic language ). To 350 AD, the Gothic Wulfila Bible originated; Bishop Ulfilas " strives to always play a Greek word by the same equivalent ." Yet he does not consider himself slavishly to the text templates. Several translations of the NT into the various Coptic dialects as well as an Armenian, soon after, an Ethiopian and a Georgian version translated the Vulgate.

Early Medieval

Old High German

748 was created with the name contained in the Gospel of Matthew Mondseer fragments in Old High German the oldest surviving translation of a Bible part in a German idiom.

Around 800 Charles the Great was the revision of the Latin Bible by Alcuin in order.

Arabic

The Arabic translation of the Old Testament by Saadia Gaon ( 882-942 ) has become known as the Tafsir.

High Middle Ages

Pontifical translation prohibitions

1080 recanted his predecessor Gregory VII permission to use the Slavonic language in the Catholic church ( slawic rite ). He justifies this, inter alia, so that " there was the all-powerful God does not like for no reason, that the Holy Scriptures are veiled in certain areas so that they will not at all-round accessibility usual and contempt prey to fall or become misunderstood by mediocre people and perform so in error."

The bible centered mass movements of the Cathars and the Waldensians who own translations were made ​​on the basis of the Vulgate, prompted the popes to increased scrutiny of the Bible reception. 1199 forbade Innocent III. in a letter to the Bishop of Metz, the reading of the Bible in private meetings ( " OCCULTIS conventiculis " ), although the desire to read the divine Scriptures and study, not to blame, but rather is recommended. On the Synods of Toulouse ( 1229 ) and Tarragona ( 1234) was banned lay possession of Bible translations.

At the Synod of Tarragona in 1234, the Spanish bishops determined according to a decree of King James I, that it is forbidden anyone to possess a Romanesque translation of the Bible. The church did not allow translation of the Bible into the common languages ​​.

Valencian

The first translation of the Bible in a Romance language, a transfer of the Vulgate into Valencian, comes from the Carthusian Order General Boniface Ferrer (1355-1417), the elder brother of Vincent Ferrer. Only in 1478 it was printed. Her successor had to wait until 1790 to be.

English

1382 completed John Wyclif, who was sentenced in 1415 posthumously a heretic, with his colleagues his earlier translation started from the Vulgate translation of the Bible into English. She became the first authoritative translation in England after the early Middle Ages. There have been handed down about 200 manuscripts. The Fourth Synod of Oxford in 1408 to read Wycliffe's translation of the Bible was prohibited before it would not be " cleaned heretical bodies" of and approved by the Archbishop. The foundations for the modern English Bible put in the twenties of the 16th century, William Tyndale and his translation of the Bible.

Czech and Hungarian

The first complete translation of the Bible into Czech is around 1360, probably in the Augustinian monastery Roudnice emerged. It was revised at the beginning of the 15th century among others by Jan Hus in 1488 and printed in Prague for the first time. Middle of the 15th century was the so-called Hussite Bible, a Hungarian translation, which probably goes back to followers of Jan Hus. She was widespread in Moldavia. The late 16th century arose with the Kralice Bible, the first complete Czech translation of the Bible, which was based on the original text. Between 1677 and 1715 appeared with the Sanct - Wenceslaus Bible that had been translated by the Jesuits, the first Czech Bible, which was published by the Catholic Church.

German

Before the Reformation emerged about 70 German translations, including various Gospels harmonies. In the 11th century shows Notker Labeos commenting translation " a new stage translational skills ", as evidenced by its biblical quotations, especially in the freedom of word order with respect to the template.

The 50 Vienna - Munich Gospels fragments are considered to be remnants of the only known translation of the Bible of the 12th century.

In the 14th and 15th centuries and outside the cloisters, a variety of high-quality, partly Middle High German translations, on the Martin Luther and others were able to fall back on. 1466 John Mentelin printed in Strasbourg, the translation of the Bible into Latin Frühneuhochdeutsche that Mentelin Bible. It was the first of the vorlutherischen German Bibles, Bible printing in a vernacular. They were more or less word - for-word translations of the Vulgate. The text had even then antiquated and difficult to understand; the translators avoided so but to be condemned by the Catholic Church as heretics ( heretics ).

Reformation

German

Through the Reformation in the 16th century began a new era for the Bible translation and dissemination. The fact that only the Reformation had given the people the Bible, however, is a common mistake. Important liturgical pieces were particularly often and early translated, such as the Lord's Prayer, the Song of Songs and especially the Psalms. Some great monasteries such as Fulda and St. Gall played a pioneering role in the Bible translation and dissemination.

Luther's principle of sola scriptura ( " by Scripture alone " ) resulted in an increased interest in the biblical original text. The Hebrew language was until then almost exclusively researched by Jewish scholars as one of the Latin Vulgate considers sufficient in the Roman Church. Decisive impetus for the Hebrew reception received the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon from the first non-Jewish Hebrew scholar, his uncle Johannes Reuchlin, who had taken lessons with Jacob ben Jehiel Loans.

1527 published a German translation of the prophetic books of the Old Testament with the title All the prophets according to the Hebrew language Germanized, by Ludwig Hatzer and John thought. Luther, Zwingli and Others attacked in their translations of the Hebrew text back to this Wormser prophets. Despite their importance, they came to the index of the Reformers, as the two translators of the Anabaptist movement belonged.

The relevant since the Reformation basic text editions were dominated by so-called " Textus Receptus ", a basic text, which was first published by Erasmus of Rotterdam. Some older manuscripts have deviations that are theologically significant in some places. These have shaped most of the translations of modern times.

For wider circulation German Bibles came only through the Luther Bible and the NRSV Ulrich Zwingli. The latter was particularly intent on philological reliability and considered the Alemannic language peculiarities. The publication of the Zurich Bible had nothing to do with theological differences; they only served to improve intelligibility, as Süddeutsche and confederates then struggled with the German Luther. The invention of printing with movable type 100 years earlier favored this development. Luther broke with the tradition of word - for-word translations of the Vulgate, and was criticized for it. He defended himself against the Papists with the note that the word for word translated text was not a German, because no one would talk like that. He had but want German and not Latin or Greek talk.

In response to the Luther Bible published by the Catholic Church on royal insistence, but with concerns hesitant so-called correction Bibles.

Slovenian

After the Slovenian Protestant reformer Trubar had already translated the New Testament from the German text by Martin Luther into Slovenian, Yuri realized Dalmatians 1584 as the first translation of the entire Scriptures from Hebrew or Greek into his native language. He took the German version of Luther to the rescue and made ​​use of the established Christian terminology as it was first created in the Slovenian language area in the Freising monuments towards the end of the 10th century on the basis of the old Ladin. The Slovene Dalmatin corresponded to the written language as the language needs of an agrarian and early urban society.

More

• Bible de Genève, into French by Pierre -Robert Olivétan (1535 )
• Reina - Valera, into Spanish ( 1569 )
• Ostrog Bible, the Church Slavonic ( 1580/81 )

17th and 18th centuries

• Piscator Bible into German ( 1602/ 04)
• King James Bible, the classic English ( 1611)
• Statenvertaling (German: " States Translation " ), the Netherlands (1637 )

19th century

German

In the 19th century a renewed call for readers and understanding -oriented language Bible was loud. 1819 appeared the Bible revision of Johann Friedrich von Meyer ( " Meyer Bible "), which sought a linguistic modernization without abandoning the character of the Luther Bible.

As part of the revival movement took the creation of the King James Bible (NT 1855 AT 1871) shape, in which the literalness of the translation took precedence over linguistic beauty.

Leander (aka Johann Heinrich) van dining saw his life's work in the distribution of the Bible among the Catholic people. His translations based on the Vulgate (NT 1807) and to the original languages ​​(AT 1822/1836 ).

Among Catholics was the Bible translation of Joseph Francis of allioli, Professor of Oriental Languages ​​, widely used and has been to the creation of the unit translation in the liturgy used ( 1830-1834 ). It is based on the Vulgate, but included in the notes to the Hebrew or Greek text.

Other

• Louis Segond, into French (1873/1874)
• James Curtis Hepburn (1874-1888, initiator ) into Japanese
• Nikolai of Japan (Orthodox ) into Japanese ( 1880/1901 )

20th century

German

• The miniature Bible (1905 ) by Franz Eugen Schlachter, at Luther Bible but also inspired the old Zurich Bible, is the original version of the butcher 's Bible.
• The Capuchin Konstantin Rösch 1914 translated the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, 1921, the entire NT from the original text, taking into account the Vulgate and readability.
• The New Testament translated into the language of the present and briefly explained by Ludwig Albrecht ( 1920)
• The message, the " Germanization " of Tanach by Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig from the Hebrew ( 1926-1938 ).
• Translation of the New Testament into Low German Pastor Ernst Voss, published in 1929 under the title: Dat Ni Testament för Plattdütsch Lüd oewerdragen in ehr Muddersprak. Current Issue 1986 ISBN 3-7461-0006-2.
• The Capuchin Eugen hen translated in 1934, the Old Testament from the original text; as total output along with the NT of Constantinople Rösch this edition of the Bible was very common for decades in the Catholic area.
• The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, translated from the cath. Theologian Paul Rießler and Rupert Storr (1934, 'Green Forest Bible ", " Mainz Bible " )
• The Herder Bible, textual basis of 1937 published by Verlag Herder Herder's multi-volume work commentary on the Bible. The Scriptures for life explains 1968-1984 part of the Jerusalem Bible and reissued as an independent translation since 2005.
• The Concordant New Testament ( KNT ) Adolph Ernst Knoch laid before 1939.
• The translation of the New Testament by Otto Karrer (1950, improved in 1954 and 1959) from the original text is in easy to read, but kept sacred language.
• The translation of the Bible by Vincent Hamp, Meinrad Stenzel and Joseph Kürzinger from the original text, 1956 (first part of the AT in 1949 appeared as part of the True Bible, NT 1953 ) published united Text loyalty and good readability. The notice published in the Pattloch -Verlag Bible ( Pattloch Bible ) has undergone numerous (over 50 ) spending, partly as a family Bible or with rich imaging ( Hundertwasser Bible ). Kürzingers translation of the New Testament is still one of the best translations out there.
• The Catholic NRSV is the 1962-1980 created uniform translation for the Roman Catholic worship. It was developed by Catholic theologians under temporary evangelical participation.
• The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of the Jehovah's Witnesses, from the English taking into account the original languages ​​( 1971, rev 1986. )
• The Jörg -zinc Bible, a transfer in modern German, put the translator before 1966 (NT), the complete Bible came out in 1998.
• The Good News Bible (1968; . Rev 1997) is a self -understand as " communicative translation ", interdenominational project oriented to the language of journalism translator.
• The Munich New Testament (from about 1970) investigated the avoidance of " common " translations, and it compromises in order " not to coat the offensiveness of the text". It stops at the priority of the text and follows the principle: "So Greek as possible, as German as necessary."
• The Written ( dabhar translation ) is a concordant translation of the Bible by Fritz Henning Baader, which was created between 1975 and 1990.
• Also hope for all is to be understood as a communicative translation of the Bible, that puts more emphasis on content than on word intelligibility loyalty. The NT was published in 1982, the AT 1996.
• Ds Nöie Teschtamänt Bärndütsch, translated by Hans and Ruth Bietenhard 1984, gives the text in bern German dialect again.
• Since 1988, the New Geneva translation ( NIV ), which uses a natural and contemporary language and is based on the principle of functional- equivalent translation appears.
• 1989 aroused the New Testament. Translated by Fridolin bull attention by its unusual dramatic, almost oriented to the eloquence of Buber's AT- language translation.
• Published in 1990 who converted to Christianity Jew David H. Stern an English "translation of the New Testament that addresses its Jewish background ," she appeared in 1994, translated by Sieglinde Denzel and Susanne Naumann, in German.
• Controversial Bible projects include the Viennese As Jesus and his Hawara (1971 ) by Wolfgang Teuschl, The big boss. The Old Testament. Insolence pious Retold (1984 ) by Fred Denger, the junior chef. The New Testament lammfromm Retold ( 1989) by Michael Korth.

Other

• Scofield Bible (Cyrus I. Scofield ), into English (1909 )
• New American Standard Bible, into modern English, but as literally as possible (NT, 1963, Bible 1971)
• New International Version, into modern English ( 1978)
• Czech ecumenical translation of the Bible (CEP, 1961-1979 )
• "The Living Torah" by Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan (1981 ), new Translation from traditional Jewish sources into contemporary English, bilingual, with indices that highlight the differences also to known translations; ISBN 978-0-940118-35-5
• New Testament, into Azerbaijani by Mirza Khazar (1975-1982)
• Esperanto translation " La Sancta Biblio " Malnova Kaj Nova Testamentoj, Tradukitaj El La Originalaj Lingvoj, La Malnova Testamento El La Hebrea Originalo Tradukis; translated by Lazaro Zamenhof Ludoviko, Londono, Brita Kaj Alilanda Biblia Societo 1990, ISBN 0-564-00138-4
• Nová Bible Kralická (German: New Kralice Bible ) edition of the Czech New Testament (1994-1998 ) and other parts of the Bible ( 1998-2008). The whole Bible was published in 2009 after a second review of the previously published parts under the name Bible 21

21st Century

German

Other

• Published in 2005 a new translation of the New Testament into Norwegian, 2011, the entire Bible under the title Bible 2011.
• In 2009 they had the Bible 21, a modern Czech Bible translation.

Problem

Objectives and main groups of translations

Depending on the objective that is mainly followed by a translation, produces a text that one of the following four main groups or classes can be assigned to translations. The assignment is difficult when the translators have multiple targets simultaneously prescribed. So, for example, takes the unit translation a middle position between a philological possible precise and communicative, easier -to-understand translation.

Philological translations

Try to translate into great loyalty to the source text into the target language, and this possible in the same form ( structure fidelity ). These translations have a scientific claim and are often written by a collective of experts. They provide information on the reasons for the selected formulations in detail and make it as transparent and verifiable.

Communicative Translation

Many modern translations of the Bible to make the Bible a broad readership understandable, but at the same time preserve religious and linguistic traditions. Translate therefore the one in the everyday language of their readers, on the other hand they take naturalized central theological concepts such as gospel, baptism, sin, disciples and others.

Transfers

The term " transfer " indicates mostly a freer, not primarily oriented to the original language, but to the effect of translation of the Bible. Translation professionals use the term rarely or not at all ( as Christiane Nord). The "Transfers " often started by individuals are aware of the subjective- willed to illuminate some aspect of the original text: for example, the translation of Mark's Gospel by Walter Jens. Still others provide a more artistic engagement is to the original text, the translation of Jörg Zink, the places already on the way to a processing.

Edits

From machining is when the content is heavily customized. It can be differentiated:

Edits are often no translations in the strict sense, but going from an existing translation from. They then called intralingual ( " within the same language" ) or intra- cultural ( " within the same culture ").

Terms and Conditions

The result of a translation depends on a number of predetermined effect sizes from:

• The source text used ( original or secondary texts)
• The project scope ( whole Bible or just parts, or just completely new revision of an existing translation, respective Bible canon )
• The target language and its peculiarities
• The target audience and their reception conditions ( target culture )
• The belief of the translator, his denomination, religious tradition and socialization,
• The translation approach
• The desired language style
• The people involved (client, translators, editors, consultants such as linguists, historians, archaeologists, theologians and editors )
• The external conditions ( collaboration, organization, location and time ).

Particular problems

Time interval and language peculiarities

Bible translations are to bridge from a foreign, ancient culture and way of thinking to modern readers. The old, now dead languages ​​of the original texts with their peculiar mode of expression (grammar, vocabulary ) place high demands on the work of translation. In the case of AT is aggravating to the fact that outside of which no ancient Hebrew writings have been preserved, which could serve as reference material.

In addition to linguistic and substantive understanding difficulties in translating the Bible play a role. Even the biblical texts themselves attest to this more than once ( eg 2 Pet 3.16 EU).

Textual variants in the templates

For OT and NT are a number of each other before deviating manuscripts. Therefore, a translation of the Bible presupposes the selection of a text version. Some editions of the Bible have variants from different source texts as footnotes.

For the Hebrew Bible, the most important texts of the Hebrew Masoretic Text and the Greek Septuagint. The Masoretic text is viewed in Protestant churches traditionally considered the more reliable. Contrast, Orthodox churches traditionally prefer the Septuagint, which is already a translation from Hebrew into Greek. Former Catholic translators were usually made from the first version of the Vulgate. How Hieronymus take today mostly Catholic translator Hebrew source texts as a basis. Modern scientific translation work draws on all available translations and ancient Bible manuscripts.

For the NT, there are a variety of secondary sources and manuscripts, the most important (Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus ) date from the 4th century, and since the 19th century are the basis of all traditional translations. This is not to say that these oldest manuscripts are the most reliable as well. In the 4th century the writings of the Bible were already relatively widespread. Significant changes to the text would be - assuming such - have been logistically hardly feasible, since this would in all manuscripts in the world at that time must be made. It therefore also trusted manuscripts from later times, where they are equal to each other, in essence, and speaks in this connection of the "majority text" or " Byzantine Text".

The writings of the Bible are considered the bestüberlieferten texts of antiquity. When he was found in 1947 in Qumran Isaiah copies from before the Christian era, they contained only marginal deviations from the text today standing in the Hebrew Bible editions.

Revisions

Most translations are constantly being revised. Due to the natural language change can once forgotten apt, easy to understand terms, and must be replaced. Where Luther " son in law " as used today is " son " instead of " bull " it says " beef ". New linguistic or historical knowledge can make revisions necessary. Altered morals are also reflected, for example, equality for women. Not least also affect experiences in the practice of faith that have been made with previous translations, subsequent translations - for example, Luther, who attempted to put the beliefs of his time with great determination, but failed, and developed a new interpretation of Paul's letters out of this experience.

Translation methods

Due to the different structure of various languages ​​in general can not be a one-to -one translation. As Friedrich Schleiermacher out, there are two main strategies to deal with this problem: either fits you the content to the reader and thus takes compromises in accuracy in the purchase, or one requires the reader to adapt to the content and thus takes compromises in the course in purchasing. We call these strategies also " target- text oriented" and " output- text-oriented " or " effective true " and " true structure ", while stressing that " faithful " here mainly the intention of the translator says.

Trust structure - the output text-oriented approach

The source- text-oriented approach is the requirement, the original text faithfully structure in terms of choice of words ( lexical ), Wortbau ( morphological), sentence structure ( syntax ) or speech sound (phonetic) reproduce.

Structure fidelity translations want to enable the reader to the location of the text to be able to self study as if he speak the original language. It is accepted that he learn foreign concepts and, where appropriate, must acquire historical knowledge to understand the text. This disadvantage is trying footnotes and annotations to compensate attached dictionaries and comments. As an uncompromising adherence to the structure loyal approach is not possible, these translations involve the risk that the reader weighs in a false sense of security, because some losses against the original are in translating unavoidable and some expressions are literally not understood or even misunderstood.

The term ' structurally faithful ", the following terms are subordinate:

• Word - form and accurate translations
• Grammatical translations
• Philological / literal translations
• Concordant and begriffskonkordante translations
• Interlinear translations

Good effect - the target text-oriented approach

The target text-oriented approach is the requirement to reproduce the original text effectively faithful. This is the assumed intended effect in the center, which had the text in the original language and original culture. The same effect is sought using the target language in the target culture. Required content from the original is accepted to provide an easy to follow, well- readable text to the reader.

These translations are of course strongly influenced by the theological and ideological imprint of the translator, because the result depends on their interpretation of the original. This should not necessarily be a disadvantage, because as translation variants may be forced to bring the generally accepted beliefs clearly expressed. For the theological opinion that wants to be based on the exact wording of the Bible, these translations are hardly.

The requirement of simplicity and uniqueness carries the risk of simplifying the text even where the original is not easy and not unique. This is a false sense to the reader may give, he understood the passage in question. This disadvantage is trying to partially compensate by footnotes, are offered where alternative output text-oriented translations.

The term " effective true ", the following terms are subordinate:

• Transfers
• Communicative translations
• Dynamic- equivalent translations (from Greek dynamis = " force ", lat aequus = " equal " valere = " be worth " ) means " having the same effect " as the original text
• Common language translation ( translation in colloquial language )
• Culturally reinterpreted ( " culturally reinterpreted " ): How would express itself here and now in the target culture, the Bible writers?

Sense of trust - the mixed approach

The mixed forms represent compromises between the two types, either the output or the target text-oriented text-oriented principle is preferred and the respective opposite principle is used to compensate for the disadvantages. The goal is a so-called meaningful faithful reproduction of the original text.

Schematic overview

Classification and measurement of Bible translations

The classification of a translation of the Bible is only approximately possible. Even a highly impact-oriented translation is after all so far structurally faithful that it reflects the biblical stories in the original order. An Interlinear Translation is structurally faithful with respect to the order of the words, but they can be impact-oriented in all other respects. You would then have to be restrictive manner syntactic structure called faithful. The current structure as extremely loyal Buber / Rosenzweig translation into account, for example, in the opinion of scholars, some structural phenomena of the Hebrew verb at all. Even the strukturtreueste translation is ultimately aim to produce the same effect as the original text. Most translations also contain processed elements in detail. We can therefore classify Bible translations only tend to increase. This raises the question not whether but to what extent a translation is structurally faithful, loyal or effective bearbeitend.

An evaluation depends not only on the expectations of the reader on the goals of the translators. Structure fidelity translations can be assessed objectively, since compliance with the requirements can be checked in relation to their structure fidelity. In so-called effective faithful translations often can not be objectively determined whether the translation in detail actually the same effect in the target group causes, such as the original in the source culture. In particular, it can not determine whether the proposed translation based, is accidental or even arbitrary. Theological predispositions flow most easily in a target text-oriented translation ( or target- text-oriented elements).

Text Comparison of German-language editions of the Bible

Call of Hope, Psalms, Thomas Jettel 2009

( Here quoted from the edition of 2009. )

That is why the kingdom of heaven to a king who wanted to keep accounting balances with his servants. As he began the settlement, was brought to him one who owed ​​him ten thousand talents.

The following statement at the end of the chapter:

24: "Ten thousand talents " are in accordance with our values ​​about 50 million gold marks, a hundred denarii about 80 gold marks. Therefore "servant" means here, as elsewhere, more often, a high-ranking administration officials.

Wherefore the kingdom of heaven is like a king of wolt expect enslave his. Vnd when he anfieng expected / ward him a fürgebraacht / had him toes tausent talent guilty.

The following statement at the end of the chapter:

Toes tausent talent Ain talent held sechtzig pound or six hundred crowns Frantzösische. Toes tausent talent held sechtzighundert tausent Frantzösische crowns.

² ⁷ w. been a man, a king razed,

² ⁸ w. a slave (also V.26 -33). Such could be active as officials or the governor.

² ⁹ A huge debt sum of about 25 million euros. By comparison, the annual salary of Herod Antipas was about 2000 talents = 0.5 million euros (F. Rienecker ).

² 1 talent = 6000 denarii = about 5000 marks.

* 1 talent was in Jesus 'time a large amount of money - about 5,000 euros - in Jesus' parable so the manager had embezzled around 50 million euros. In contrast, owed ​​him 100 denarii of subordinates ( denarius ), about 60 euros.