Camphorosmoideae

Camphorosma monspeliaca, Illustration

Camphorosmeae is the only tribe of the subfamily Camphorosmoideae within the family of Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). Previously they were made ​​the goosefoot family ( Chenopodiaceae ).

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The types of Camphorosmoideae are mostly dwarf shrubs or annual herbaceous plant (rarely perennial herbaceous plants) with erect or ascending branches. The plants are usually more or less densely covered with appressed or spreading hairs. The change-constant leaves are often fleshy ( succulent ), only with some annuals thin, flat leaves occur.

Generative features

The inconspicuous flowers are single or in pairs to three in the axils of the bracts. Characteristic of this subfamily is the absence of Down (Roll Brakteolen ).

The flowers are usually hermaphrodite. The perianth consists of (three to ) five membranous or trockenhäutigen tepals, which are often linked to one-fifth to four-fifths of their length with each other in the lower part. The four to five stamens are united at the base in a discus. The anthers bear no appendages, they usually protrude out from the flower. The pollen grains are different from the otherwise similar Salsoloideae by larger diameter and more numerous, smaller pores less Dörnchen. The horizontal ( vertical rare ) ovary contains only one ovule, a sharp pen and two thread-like scars that are covered all over the surface with papillae.

The fruit is often surrounded by the enduring perianth. Often the bloom learn to fruit time varied transformations: they may enlarge, develop appendage in the form of wings, spines or nodes, or be fleshy or woody. The seeds with thin seed coat contains an annular or folded embryo surrounding the rudimentary central endosperm ( Perisperm ).

Photosynthetic

The types of Chenolea group and the large group Sclerolaena are C3 plants, while the types of Bassia / Camphorosma group C4 plants are, up to a C3/C4-intermediäre Art

Dissemination and evolution

The main distribution area of Camphorosmoideae includes Australia ( about 147 species) and the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere. In Eurasia and North Africa about 27 species occur in South Africa and three species in North America in two ways. Few species are found worldwide.

The species colonize different habitats, from coastal salt marshes and semi-deserts in the Mediterranean climate to steppes and semi-deserts in climates with summer rain, from the Sahara to the high mountains of Central Asia. They often grow in dry, salty or disturbed ( ruderal ) Set

The Camphorosmeae unfolded since the Early Miocene, probably from halophytic plants which grew in coastal warm temperate climate. As a remnant of an early line of development, the types of Chenolea clade are considered. The Camphorosmeae spread from Eurasia to Australia, North America and at least twice to South Africa. While the Australian lines fanning themselves in very many ways, the other lines remained poor in species.

System

The taxon Camphorosmeae in 1837 erected by Stephan Ladislaus finite, as a subtribes within the Chenopodieae. Alfred Moquin - Tandon looked at the clan in 1840 as a tribe. Andrew John Scott in 1978 as she rose Camphorosmoideae to the rank of subfamily.

Phylogenetic analyzes of Camphorosmeae by Kadereit & Friday, 2011 revealed that the current division of the clan did not meet the family relationships. In particular, the genus Kochia and Bassia proved to be highly polyphyletic. Some former Kochia - or Bassia species are therefore now regarded as a separate species Eokochia, Spirobassia, Grubovia and Sedobassia.

The Australian species of Camphorosmeae form a relatively young group, which is still in the process of speciation. Complicating the classification is also because several species form hybrids with each other. In phylogenetic studies by Cabrera et al. 2009, whereas the previous genera no clear demarcation. Neobassia, Threlkeldia and Osteocarpum probably do not deserve the rank of a separate class and should be grouped into Sclerolaena. Likewise Enchylaena should be made to Maireana. The species-rich genera Sclerolaena and Maireana are polyphyletic, here, further studies are required.

The subfamily contains only the Camphorosmoideae Tribus Camphorosmeae with about 20 genera and about 179 species:

• Tribus Camphorosmeae: Bassia / Camphorosma clade: It is widespread in Eurasia and southern Africa: Radmelden ( Bassia All, Syn. Kochia, Londesia, Panderia, Kirilowia, Chenoleioides ): With about 20 one-year home and halbstrauchigen species from the western Mediterranean to East Asia, widely used as introduced species in America and Northern Europe. In Germany two species occur: Sand Radmelde ( Bassia laniflora ( SGGmel. ) AJScott )
• Broom Radmelde ( Bassia scoparia ) ( L.) A.J.Scott

• Camphorosma annua Pall. It is an annual plant that comes from Hungary to eastern Ukraine before.
• Camphorosma lessingii Litv. It is a subshrub, coming from Transcaucasia to southern Siberia.
• Camphorosma monspeliaca L.: It is a subshrub, coming from Western Europe to southern Siberia.
• Camphorosma songorica Bunge: It is an annual plant that comes from the lower Volga to central Asia before.

• Sedobassia sedoides ( Pall. ) Friday & G.Kadereit ( Syn: Bassia sedoides ( Pall. ) Asch. ): It is an annual plant that comes from Hungary to Siberia.

• Chenolea Thunb. With the only kind: Chenolea diffusa Thunb. It is a shrub and is native to southern Africa.

• Eokochia saxicola ( Guss. ) Friday & G.Kadereit ( Syn: Kochia saxicola cast. ): It is a shrub and is found only on the coasts of the Mediterranean islands of Ischia, Capri and Stromboli.

• Neokochia americana ( S.Watson ) GLChu & SCSand. ( Syn: Kochia americana S.Watson ): It grows as a shrub in the southwestern North America
• Neokochia californica ( S.Watson ) G. L. Chu & S. C. Sand:. It grows as a shrub in the southwestern North America

• Rauhaarige spike detection ( Spirobassia hirsuta (L. ) Friday & G.Kadereit, Syn: Bassia hirsuta (L.) Asch. ): It is an annual plant and comes from the northern Mediterranean prior to Southern Siberia, also in Germany.

• Grubovia - subclade: With three kinds in Central Asia: Grubovia Friday & G.Kadereit: Grubovia dasyphylla (. Fisch. & CAMey ) Friday & G. Kadereit (syn. Bassia dasyphylla ( Fisch. & CAMey ) Kuntze. ): It is an annual plant and comes from Eastern Kazakhstan to Mongolia before.
• Grubovia krylovii ( Litv. ) Friday & G. Kadereit (syn. Kochia krylovii Litv. ): It is an annual plant and is found in the Altai Mountains and Mongolia.
• Grubovia melanoptera ( Bunge) Freitag & G.Kadereit (syn. Kochia melanoptera Bunge): It is an annual plant and comes from the Tien Shan Mountains to Mongolia before.

• Didymanthus Endl. With the only kind: Didymanthus roei Endl. It occurs in Australia.

• Eriochiton sclerolaenoides ( F.Muell. ) F.Muell. ex A.J.Scott: It occurs in Australia.

Economic Importance

Some species are of limited economic significance. Bassia scoparia var trichophylla is cultivated as an ornamental plant ( " Sommerzypresse "). Bassia prostrata is increasingly used to improve pastures and phytoremediation. Bassia indica and Bassia scoparia are used as fodder plants. Camphorosma monspeliaca is a traditional medicinal plant.

Swell

• Gudrun Kadereit & Helmut Freitag: Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae ( Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae ): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4 photosynthesis and taxonomy, In: Taxon, Volume 60 (1 ), 2011, pp. 51-78. pdf file (Sections characteristics, photosynthetic, distribution, systematics, economic importance )
• Jonathan Cabrera, Surrey WL Jacobs & Gudrun Kadereit: Phylogeny of the Australian Camphorosmeae ( Chenopodiaceae ) and the taxonomic Significance of the fruiting perianth, In: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Volume 170 (4 ), 2009, pp. 505-521. pdf file ( Section Description, systematics )