John, King of England
John Lackland (* December 24, 1167 in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, † October 19, 1216 in Newark Castle, Newark -on-Trent ), Eng. John Lackland, actually double Jean Plantagenet, called Jean Sans -Terre, was from 1199 to 1216 King of England. He was the youngest son of King Henry II and succeeded his brother Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, on the throne.
Family
Johann was born in 1167 as the fifth son of Henry II ( Henri Plantagenet ) and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine ( Eleanor of Aquitaine) in Oxford. He was married twice. On August 29 1189 he closed his first marriage to Isabel, Countess of Gloucester ( 1170-1217 ), but this was divorced because of childlessness soon. On August 24, 1200, he married Isabella of Angoulême (ca. 1188-1246 ). From this connection came five children:
- Henry III. (1207-1272)
- Richard (1209-1272)
- Johanna (1210-1238) ∞ Alexander II of Scotland
- Isabella (1214-1241) ∞ Emperor Frederick II
- Eleanor ( 1215-13. April 1275 )
Illegitimate offspring from the connection with Agatha Ferrers:
- Joan of Wales († 1237 ) ∞ 1204 Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd (Wales ) (House Gwynedd )
Life
Revolt and reign
His nickname Lackland was Johann already as a toddler because he in 1169 by his father in the estate settlement agreed in Montmirail with the French king took no account of the sons, while the eldest son Henry the Younger Normandy and Anjou received, the second Richard the Lionheart with Aquitaine should be considered and the third Gottfried had already been decided as the heritage of Brittany. Only later, only minor peripheral areas of the Angevin empire he was awarded: the county of Mortain and the only recently been conquered and still not completely pacified eastern areas of Ireland and ( by marriage) Savoy.
When Henry II refused to Johann and his brothers to participate in the rule in the territories awarded to each of them before his death, they went for the first time in 1172 with her mother Eleanor open rebellion about which, however, soon failed. After the sons had been taken shortly again in the grace of the Father, they were soon back in rebellion. Henry the Younger, the intended heir to the throne of England and Normandy, and Gottfried, Duke of Brittany, as the second in succession, died. John's older brother Richard the Lionheart now placed himself at the head of the revolt, which was supported by John, and forced the common father to abdicate in 1189.
As a newly appointed King Richard went straight to the top of the Third Crusade to the Holy Land ( 1189-1192 ). Johann he appointed as his deputy in England. During the Crusade, Richard quarreled with King Philip II Augustus of France, the second leader of the Crusade and allies during the conspiracy against Henry II, the French king returned then in the summer of 1191 prematurely returned to France and made a pact with King John Philipp received territories of the Angevin Empire in France, Johann was awarded the management authority over the other mainland areas. Richard had his father Sancho VI. entrusted of Navarre and his mother Eleanor. These two immediately began to fight back against the usurpation by Johann and the annexation by the French king. Richard the Lionheart is also returned in the fall of 1192 returned from the Holy Land, but was captured by Duke Leopold V of Austria. Until the release of Richards against a large ransom in 1194 Johann fought against the remaining governors and Richards against his loyal vassals. On his return in April 1194, Richard the Lionheart took his brother once again in grace and began a campaign against the French king, which led to the re- conquest of much of the lost territory.
Johann as King
When Richard the Lionheart in 1199 died from a wound he had sustained in battle, King John was crowned king. Given far-reaching aristocratic uprisings Johann was forced with Philip II Augustus, the most dangerous foreign enemy, on 22 May 1200 at the close of the adverse for the Angevine Treaty of Le Goulet: Philipp received territories to Évreux, parts of the Vexin and low -berry, so roughly the territories that Richard had conquered only shortly before.
By his marriage with Isabella, the heiress of Angouleme and cousin of Philip II, on August 24, 1200 Johann wanted to stabilize his rule on the continent and especially in Poitou increase its influence. However, Isabella was already at Hugo IX. of Lusignan, Count of Marche, promised, and Johann marriage with the eleven year olds could not initially take place. The marriage also blocked the access of the Capetian dynasty, the French royal family, and Hugo to the Poitou. In Hugo's operating Philip II was now active again and seized on April 28, 1202 all the continental possessions of the English king. In addition, he supported John's nephew, Arthur I., who had grown up on Philip's court. Arthur grabbed initially successful in Anjou. Johann could beat him in Poitou military and capture in July 1202 Mirebeau. Almost simultaneously, the needle riots flared up again, so that Johann the breather that the elimination Arthur had commanded, there was no goal.
The more successful then went to Philip II before directly against the English king. Until 1204, the French king Touraine, Anjou and Normandy took, the ancestral homeland of the British Royal Family. Also in the south, the disintegration of the Angevin Empire continued. After the death of Eleanor on April 1, 1204, the bond broke Aquitaine to the English throne immediately; Nobility and cities joined the French king. These developments were the decisive step towards the stabilization of France as a closed state structure. Alfonso VIII of Castile occupied the Gascogne, which he called his wife's dowry, a sister of John, looking at her. At least Aquitaine was John Lackland paste it back into his domain. Savary de Mauléon, marshal of Poitou, and Elias of Malmort, Archbishop of Bordeaux, moving through negotiations a part of the regional power holders to rejoin John. In the summer of 1206 John moved with a large army on the continent, which Philip II moved to, to guarantee him in a contractual control of Aquitaine.
The following years were marked by conflicts with vassals in England. Far more important, however, was the argument with Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury. The dispute had an interdict in 1208 for England and in 1209 the excommunication Johanns result. This canonical steps weakened the king, which also means a threatened invasion of Philip II in February 1214 but then sat John, after he recently with Pope Innocent III. had reconciled over with an army on the continent. First of all it had both the aggressive plans of the French king thwarted and the English nobility in the face of combat situation sedated for the time being. On July 27, 1214, however, John suffered a defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, which therefore was not alone for disaster because the English King Philip granted a truce of five years. In view of the failure of an open nobility revolt had broken out in England, to appease the Johann tried by the Magna Carta accepted on June 15, 1215 by affixing its seal. On 19 June the barons renewed their oath of allegiance to the king. Ultimately, however, the insurgents could not be pacified. They even called the French heir to the throne Louis VIII for help, who now actually landed in Kent, the East of England brought under his control, and moved into London on 2 June 1216.
In this crisis, John Lackland died on October 19, he was buried in the Cathedral of Worcester. His death led to a mobilization of the nobility and the population in favor of his son Henry III. , Drove the Capetian back from the island.
Under Johann accelerated the disintegration of the long-span Angevin Empire which had already begun under Richard the Lionheart, crucial. The English monarchy fell into one of its deepest crises. At the same time, this weakness allowed the consolidation of the French Empire and the formation of the basis for the specific English constitutional structures in the Magna Carta.