Lilium martagon

Turk's cap lily (Lilium martagon )

The Turk's cap lily (Lilium martagon ), or Turk's cap lily, is a plant of the genus Lilium (Lilium ) in the named after her Martagon section. Through their striking shaped flowers and large stature height it is one of the most handsome native to Europe lilies.

Description

The Turk's cap lily is a perennial, herbaceous plant, the plant height between 30 and 150 centimeters, rarely up to 200 centimeters, is reached. The oval bulb can reach up to eight inches in diameter and consists of many yellow waisted shed. It is characterized by how many geophytes Zugwurzeln from that ensure that the bulb remains in the soil is sufficiently deep.

The simple, strong stem is round and usually rotfleckig. The stalk is leafy especially down tight. In the mid- stem the leaves are four to eight Scheinquirlen from eight to fourteen leaves, which become smaller from bottom to top, otherwise they are arranged opposite one another. The lanceolate leaves are about 15 inches long and 5 inches wide. They are smooth-edged and bare.

Between June and August appear in a paniculate inflorescence up to sixteen fragrant, nodding flowers. In free documents, such as on sunny mountain meadows, a plant but can also develop up to twenty flowers. The hermaphrodite, threefold flowers have six downwardly and outwardly curved, equally shaped bracts ( tepals ). The tepals are so strong rolled outwardly that their tips on the stem meet, resulting in the typical turban shape. The flowers are usually flesh- pink, sometimes dull purple to light reddish brown. Only very rarely are they white. The linear to oblong - round bloom are 30 to 45 mm long and 6-10 mm wide and have a generally dark stippling in different sizes from the smallest speckles to large spots.

The Perigon as a whole has a diameter of approximately three to six inches. The always bent away from the inflorescence axis, 18 to 20 millimeters long stylus and the six 18 to 22 millimeters long stamens with red, 6-11 mm long anthers really stand out from the flower. The pollen is orange.

The fruits are dreifächrige capsules, which ripen about September and can contain up to 100 seeds per fruit. The plant spreads the seeds as Schüttelstreuer (wind and animal spreader spreader ). The flat seeds are winged, so they can also spread as so-called disc plane. When wet, also a water detention propagation is possible. The seeds are dark to germinate and sprout delayed - hypogeous. The chromosome number is 2n = 24

Flowers Ecology

The Turk's cap exudes especially in the evening and at night a heavy, sweet scent, which mainly langrüsselige butterflies, such as moth ( Sphingidae ) attracts. Hummingbird Hawkmoth ( Macroglossum stellatarum ) and the fanatics of the genus Sphinx among the Hauptbestäubern.

In the lower section of the bloom is located in the middle of a nectar groove which is formed by two strips. In this channel then collects the nectar, which is produced by cells in the margin. In addition, these gutters are concealed by hair, which must introduce its long proboscis into the 10 to 15 mm long channel in question insects. Since the flowers hang down and even more difficult with an oily coating the hard claws, it is easy, especially enthusiasts to get to the nectar, because they suck at free-floating flowers. Moreover, cutworms can be ( Noctuidae ), among others, the Shadow Monk ( Cucullia umbratica ), snag with the front feet, floating in support of its wings and thus also contribute to pollination. Flowers which project laterally, can be pollinated by butterflies. Related species of the Turkish League in California are visited by hummingbirds ( Trochilidae ).

When approaching foreign pollen is transferred to the stigma first. During the nectar intake then the pollen of the plant just visited is transferred upon contact with the dust bag on head and body of the insect.

The construction of the flower pollen can always get to the scar, creating a self-pollination is possible. The self-fertilization is prevented by self- sterility.

The plant can thrive through the vigorous and green leaves in the shady forest, it will then develop but often only a few flowers or plants do not get to bloom.

Natural enemies

The buds are eaten by deer (Capreolus capreolus). Another damage occurs by the lilies chicken ( Lilioceris lilii ), a beetle which cuts the inflorescences, but also previously the plants can so much damage that they just do not get to bloom.

Dissemination

The Turk's cap has a Eurasian distribution with continental trend. The area includes large parts of Europe, it ranges from Portugal as the westernmost location to the Siberian taiga, south through the Balkans to the Caucasus, exceptions are the western Northern Europe, Central and Southern Italy. The northeastern limit of its distribution area marks the Siberian Yenisei River, south of it, he finds himself from Mongolia and China to Japan. In Scandinavia, this species is naturalized.

In Germany, the Turkish Confederation of the plane is up in the mountains, especially in the limestone areas, distributed, and also in the Vosges and in the Black Forest ( to 1450 meters). In general, the kind in the north and west is rare; it is completely absent in Schleswig -Holstein and Mecklenburg- Vorpommern. In the German Alps, it rises up to 1950 meters, in other alpine areas up to 2300 meters. In Germany they reached in Westphalia the northwest edge of their overall distribution. A large deposit of several hundred copies can be found in the nature reserve Obernhagen in Warstein. This occurrence is considered as most northwestern location of the Turk's cap lily in Germany and is currently under acute threat of destruction (see Obernhagen ).

In Austria, the species is common to scattered in all provinces of the hill and subalpine altitudinal zone.

Location

The plant thrives in herb -rich deciduous or coniferous forests on limestone bedrock and soils in semi -shaded, cool location. Only in the mountains it grows above the montane forest in free layers on meadows and fields, especially in tall herb companies. Here the plant is rare to moderately common, but often grows sociable. According to the phytosociological units according to Oberdorfer the Türkenbundlilie (1943 class Betulo - Adenostyletea ( Br.-Bl. et. Tx. ) ) Is a weak character species of mesophytic beech forests ( order Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawl 28) and also comes in high montane to subalpine tall herb fringe communities and bushes before.

As Mullbodenpflanze they preferred sickerfrische, nutrient -and base- rich (but also mild- moderately acidic ) clay and loamy soils that are loose and more or less profound.

The indicator values ​​according to Ellenberg that summarize the ecological behavior are: L-4, Tx, K-5, F -5, R-7, N- fifth You have the Türkenbund than shadow to partial shade plant, freshness indicator, weak acid to weak base pointer and nitrogen default pointer.

System

Martagon Lilium was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 1, page 303, published first. Synonyms are Lilium caucasicum ( Miscz. ) Grossh. and Lilium versicolor Salisb. (nom. Superfl. ).

Because of its shape wealth which arises from the wide geographical spread, numerous Untertaxa have been distinguished, which are now mostly discarded. Ambiguity, however, regarding the question of which Untertaxa are worthy of recognition, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families in addition to the nominate form only accepts Lilium martagon var pilosiusculum, the Germplasm Resources Information Network but five other varieties (var. albiflorum, var album, var. cattaniae, hirsutum var, var sanguineopurpureum ). A definitive answer to the question is pending. The following are therefore found only the most frequently mentioned varieties briefly explained below:

• Lilium martagon var album: with pure white flowers, green nectar groove and bright green leaves. In all parts smaller and with almost white seeds.
• Lilium martagon var cattaniae: In all parts of larger (up to 200 cm), in the mountains of Dalmatia with hairy, very dark -purple flowers and almost black stems.
• Lilium martagon var pilosiusculum: Siberia, Mongolia, China: With significantly narrower leaves, thick woolly hairy bracts and buds. In all parts of small (up to 90 cm high).

Hazard and status

The Turk's cap does not apply in Germany to be at risk, however, is particularly protected under the federal Species Protection Regulation.

• Red List states:

• Schleswig -Holstein: to assume risk, neophyte; After 1492, newly naturalized.
• Lower Saxony Bremen: endangered
• Mecklenburg- Vorpommern: threatened with extinction
• Brandenburg Berlin: endangered
• Saxony- Anhalt: occurring ( indigenous or archaeophyte ) and unthreatened
• Saxony: endangered
• Thuringia: occurring ( indigenous or archaeophyte ) and unthreatened

• Hesse: early warning (yet safely, various factors could cause a hazard in the next ten years )
• North Rhine -Westphalia: endangered
• Rhineland -Palatinate: endangered
• Baden- Württemberg: occurring ( indigenous or archaeophyte ) and unthreatened
• Bavaria: occurring ( indigenous or archaeophyte ) and unthreatened
• Berlin 2006: inconstant, variable- naturalized

Origin of the name

The name Lilium Martagon montanum majus, floribus Reflexis was before Carl Linnaeus in use, first occupied it in English is 1477th The origin of the epithet martagon is controversial. Firstly, the designation by the Turkish martagan is derived which describes a novel form of the turban, as introduced by Sultan Mehmed I (1413-1421), it refers to the similarity to the folded-back tepals. Another derivation brings them to the god of war Mars ( genitive martis ) in conjunction, as alchemists believed this was related with the transformation of metals.

Also, the popular name Turk's cap is a loan word derived from the Turkish tülbent ( = turban ).

The plant is considered with very many common names that relate to, among other things, the golden-yellow onion: Gold apple, Goldbölla, gold button, Goldlilgen, Goldpfandl, Goldruabn, Goldwurzl, Goldzwifl, Pom d'or, Schlotter pants, lard Wurz, Sillingwuarz, Sillingrute Turkish - Huat.

Ethnobotany

The alchemists believed they could transform base metal into gold using the gold Wurz. The Turk's cap is in folk medicine for hemorrhoids ( gold wire) used in the Middle Ages and was regarded as an all-purpose remedy. Also, it was believed that the bulbs would arise as fodder for cows, a beautiful yellow butter.

Turk's cap as a garden plant

The Turk's cap is next to the Fire Lily and the Madonna Lily, one of the three "classical", occurring in Central Europe lilies. Because of its color range, robustness and perennial nature (over 50 years) it is a popular garden plant, even today.

Since the end of the 19th century, numerous commercial hybrids were produced in early 2007 pointed the Online Lily Register over 210 registered hybrids of Martagon section from which the majority are based on the Turk's cap.