Longhouse
The nave has an elongated shape of a house in which a family or several families together jointly; depending on the culture, it can also be a residential barn house.
The term refers to the past and present and after the design and the way of life of its inhabitants different house types. For classification as a longhouse in a specific organizational form of coexistence and a resulting layout is critical and not the actual length of the building.
- 2.1 Temporal Neolithic longhouse
- 2.2 Bronze Age Wohnstallhaus House 2.2.1 Medieval developments of residential barn house
- 3.1 North American north-east coast and on the Great Lakes
- 3.2 North American Northwest Coast
- 3.3 South America
Social structure of the inhabitants
They would be two of each other organizational categories were:
Single-family homes
These homes accommodate a family or extended family, which forms a single economic unit. An example is multi-generational farm families. In such a home the main rooms should take up the entire width and if there are several room units, these are strung together along. The ends of the house are assigned to different functions in the rule: Approximately one living area at one end and a shed area at the other end. Expand can be such houses only with the corresponding function on the corresponding end. This group includes, for example, the residential barn houses the Germans on the North Sea, from which later has evolved from Friesland on the North German Plain to spread to East Prussia hall house that you hardly called a longhouse. Also likely some widespread in Cornwall and Wales farmhouse types, the buildings of the Linear Pottery culture and some of its successor cultures belong.
Multi-family Houses
This group is somewhat similar to today's townhouses. The buildings consist mainly of uniform segments, which are inhabited by a family. These units are lined up in an indeterminate number to one another in the longitudinal direction. As a distinction, for example, a row of houses in a city street may serve that the units are built under a common roof design and the house socially and politically is a unit, such as a clan or village community. For this type like the longhouses some Northeast American Indian tribes, and the longhouses count on Borneo.
European longhouses
Longhouses are archaeologically proven in numerous regions of Europe and from different eras. Longhouse types from the (late) Middle Ages are also up in the recent past well-kept building tradition in some areas.
Young Stone Age longhouse
The Neolithic ( Neolithic ) long house was built about 7500 years ago by the first farmers in central Europe. At first it appeared in the context of the Linear Pottery culture. Archaeological findings point to a spread in other parts of Europe, and on a long temporal distribution. Thus, differences in the respective typical house size, the utilization distribution in home and the form of settlement were also found with the same design principle.
The length was about 20 m (12 m to 40 m), the width is about seven meters. The high gable or hipped roof was supported by five rows of columns. As a foundation of the partially made of wattle exterior walls laid in trenches threshold beam served.
For most localities is assumed, the type of house had no windows and only one end of an input. The illuminated by daylight in the area near the entrance or even a covered forecourt served craft activities. In the middle of the house was the fireplace. Here was well cooked. The back of the house see some archaeologists as a bedroom, other than storage space. In such a house 20 to 30 people may have lived. There were villages with up to thirty six (not necessarily at the same time used ) longhouses found. In the Ville, the promontory west of Cologne and elsewhere, there were the houses, however, as scattered settlement. There they may have been used as a residential barn houses, with a distribution similar to the use - much later - Low German hall house ( see below).
Bronze Age Wohnstallhaus House
In the Bronze Age, the transition from the four- to Dreischiffigkeit falls, ie at some point you were able to dispense with the middle row of posts. The Wohnstallhaus house was in the middle Bronze Age in Central Europe ( about 1600 to 1300 BC ), the dominant form of use. In order to metals on the whole cattle, houses were built considerable length. As early as the Neolithic Age, many houses were rectangular. The house could be on one end clearly wider than the other. The distances of the supports were sometimes variable. Where the design was regular, the houses were often wider than at the ends in the middle. With regard to the distribution of the inputs originated different types heaped regionally, but each in several regions. There were small inputs at the main entrance opposite end. And there was, in each other distant areas such as Norway and the then not Germanic populated Eifel, Homes with side entrances. These homes have two inputs which were opposite approximately in the middle of both outer walls one another. The entrance produced a transverse division in the middle of the elongated house. The cattle were housed in one end, the people lived in the other.
Such building types were up on a Turning Point addition built. In 4/5 Century AD are such longhouses to over 60 m long, with a width of nearly 8 m.
In longhouses of the Nordic Bronze Age and the Germans the roofs ranged probably not rare almost to the ground. The roof was supported by two rows of inner supports. The non- load-bearing exterior walls were barely tall as a man, as a rule. In colder regions, the outer walls were made of wattle and daub instead of Torfplaggen or sod.
Medieval developments of residential barn house
Further developments were or are the North-German House in North, especially the North West Germany and the neighboring north Cimbric Jutland including Schleswig with the special forms Geesthardenhaus and Fries house.
In these types of houses originally wooden posts driven into the ground are replaced by stand on a foundation. The large and well- supported attic enabled the dry storage of large quantities of hay or grain. This development was driven possibly by a moist Will the weather. Since the 14th century ( others Hagenend 3, of 1385, 2011 burned ) are well-preserved examples of these homes available.
Nordic longhouse
Only the layout of the house can be accurately determined based on wood finds, as the beams of the walls were anchored in the ground. It was 28.5 m long and 8.5 m wide in the middle. The gables decreased the width. Further reconstruction based on pictures and other buildings. The house was fully covered with wood and shingles of oak, one of which was found in the castle. The walls consisted of vertical oak beams; oblique to the outer wall bars should probably catch the roof load. In plan, the longitudinal walls were arched ship similar. From the 18 m long hall that served as a lounge, there was a respective central door to the courtyard and the street. There is also evidence to door openings on the gable ends. In the middle of the hall there was a fire pit, which was used for cooking and was the central point in the house. Traces indicate that there were at the sides of the walls Erdbänke, the seating and sleeping places were used as. The chambers on the gable ends appear to have been used as a storage warehouse.
Longhouses in the British Isles
In English the term is also used longhouse for a traditional type of farms. Most are at least in its early form Wohnstallhaus houses (English byre - dwellings ), but much smaller and housed usually only one family.
Dartmoor longhouse is the name for a farm house type, which can be detected in the southwest of England since at least the 13th century. The buildings still preserved today have mostly granite walls and a hipped roof, which was formerly well basically of thatch. In the living area, they are often two stories and have at one longitudinal side sometimes a small porch to the entrance.
In its original form the floor plan is strikingly similar to that of the developed on the southern North Sea coast Wohnstallhaus houses. The main difference is the absence of the large door on the one narrow side of the cattle.
The oldest buildings were elongated houses, which were divided roughly in the middle of the long sides by a corridor that connected the two opposite doors. On one side, the cattle were housed, while on the other hand, people lived. In the living area there was initially an open fireplace, behind which probably was the sleeping area. Later there was the living end of an intermediate floor, was sleeping on the. This is perhaps since the 16th century developed its own floor with bedrooms. The hearth area received a fireplace with chimney and screened off the living area opposite the hallway from. From the 17th century the input often received a stem. In the stable region, the cattle were placed along the long walls and in the center was mostly a canal which led out into the open through a small hole in the wall on the narrow side. The houses are mostly built into the hillside so that the living area to the mountain and the stable area to the valley has, see Fig.
The Langhausbauten in Wales are likely to be closely related to those in Dartmoor. In northwestern England, a similar type in the landscape of Cumbria is described. He seems to have been widespread in the Middle Ages in England. In Scotland, he will take " longhouse " as blackhouse or taighean Dubha called. In the north, however, more of a relationship seems to be given to buildings of Scandinavia.
Longhouses in France
In central and western France are traditional longhouses, referred to there as Longère, widely used today, as in Brittany, Normandy, Picardy, Maine -et -Loire, near Calais, in the Massif Central and the Pyrenees. One or two storeys, roof pitch and building materials can vary greatly from region to region. In Normandy, however, several housing tracts and several economic tracts are often truly united under one roof, not to be confused with closed villages (for example Lorraine), in which the firewall built in firewall houses are clearly separated from each other.
Longhouses of the Indians in America
In North America, building traditions have formed in two areas who knew longhouses.
North American north-east coast and on the Great Lakes
In North America, longhouses at several tribes of Indians, including the Iroquois and the Quinault Indians known. The Iroquois call themselves Haudenosaunee - "people of the long house ."
Best known are the buildings of the Iroquois Confederation. The average length was about 25 m, width and height were about 6 m. If you can think about the reports of the explorer George Vancouver, there were even houses that were several hundred meters long.
On average, a longhouse housed 5 to 20 families. In the larger houses and some tribes the center was the chief reserved. The lower-ranking clan members lived in the outer regions, graded according to their standing in the community. Became larger, the family, the house could be extended in the longitudinal direction.
The Home possessed usually only two doors, one at each end. In the middle ran the entire length of the house, a passage which was 2 to 3 m wide. At a distance of several meters, fire pits were located.
The house was created by the construction of a structure from the ground rammed strains that were reinforced with rods. The houses had either a round roof, which it created, that bent the stems and tied together in the middle, or you sat up the whole construction a gable roof. Large pieces of bark were then mounted on the stems and bars overlapping. This means that the house had temper with the fires, was dispensed window.
Longhouses were the members of the Iroquois Confederation ( Haudenosaunee ), for example, the Onondaga, and their enemies, the Wyandot and Erie, known. South of the Iroquois Confederation, along the Hudson River to its mouth, and to the south up to two banks of the Delaware Bay and along the same river settled the Lenni Lenape. When the tribes of this people longhouses were known as one of several designs. The Canarsee, a tribe of the Lenni Lenape, originally lived on Long Iceland in present-day New York City borough of Brooklyn, took advantage of such a longhouse as a ritual tribal center in Keshaechquern, which lay in what is now Flatlands. Likewise, the Pamunkay of the Powhatan tribe in Virginia Federation took advantage of a similar construction.
North American Northwest Coast
The buildings in the wooded west on the Pacific coast consisted of a skeleton from tree trunks which were lined with boards, in addition to the known in the west panel with tree bark. This " Plankenbauten " measured about 12 to 9 meters and was about 6 feet high, but also could be about 20 feet long. The only entrance was usually in towards the coast facing gable wall. In the middle of a large area was lowered, in which lay the common hearth, often with the chief seat nearby. This area was surrounded on all sides by a slightly elevated seating plane. This was set in the four corners of the main support. Again, a higher level were the laterally separated by walls alcoves of the individual families that could accommodate each own small fireplace in some homes on the outer walls. The area of the chief was, as a rule on the side opposite the door gable wall. The steep pitched roof was different depending on rain and snowfall in the region, but also cultural influences play a major role. Every house had at least one totem pole, which could also be integrated into the house design. Some longhouses of the entrance led directly through a hole in the totem pole. The whole building was mostly decorated with carvings and paintings. Common motifs include faces / masks, ravens, bears and whales.
The houses were mostly inhabited by extended large families who worked in food procurement and dealing with their longboats or even formed a team.
Longhouses were known on the Pacific Coast, for example, in the Nuu- chah- nulth, Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit, Makah, Clatsop, Coastal Salish and Multnomah.
South America
In South America builds the people of the Tucano in Colombia and northwestern Brazil also longhouses.
Longhouses in Asia
Prehistoric Korea
In Daepyeong, an archaeological site of Mumun ceramic period in Korea are " long houses " have been found which are dated approximately to the time of 1100-850 BC. Its plan has similarities with that of the Iroquois in the northeastern United States. As these appear to have been strung along the longitudinal axis fireplaces. Later buildings of similar floor plan were built on stilts and can thus hardly any conclusions about the internal layout to. Size and layout of the buildings in the settlements can but close to Adelsbauten or functional buildings for the community. In Igeum -dong, an excavation site in South Korea, there are, for example, the largest long- houses, about 29 and 26 meters long, between the megalithic cemetery and the rest of the settlement.
Taiwan
Maybe community buildings such longhouses are a common traditional design within the Austronesian language group. The Austronesian languages appear to have from the island of Taiwan from in Southeast Asia, the Pacific and spread to Madagascar. Groups such as the now extinct probably Siraya on Taiwan built longhouses and well practiced headhunting as the later Dayaks of Borneo.
The longhouses in Borneo
Many of the inhabitants ( Dayak ) in Borneo, the largest of the Great Sunda Islands ( politically now part of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei ) live traditionally in buildings that have long been referred to as the nave. All have in common that they are built on stilts and that the house is divided in the longitudinal direction in a common part and strung together living areas of the individual families. Because otherwise hardly related to each other tribes build mutually similar longhouses, this may have been true a long time as the life in the jungle best-fitting design. There are some parallels to Dorfgemeinschaftsbauten in South America.
A fully articulated longhouse is constructed as follows:
The whole house is divided in the longitudinal direction by a wall into two approximately equal halves. While one side appears as a over the whole length of the house reaching corridor, located in the other, again divorced by walls, private living and sleeping areas of the individual families ( bilek ). Is usually in an extension on the private sector or even in a separate, connected by a bridge to the long house, stilt house of outsourced because of the fire hazard cooking area ( dapor ) of each individual family.
The corridor is in turn divided into three sections: Before the doors to the private areas, there is a work area ( tempuan ), which still belongs to the respective family. Here, for example, the freshly harvested Padi (rice) is pounded. In the center follows the common room ( Ruai ), which, although used individually, is used mainly as a transit space and for community activities. Is the guest area ( pantai ), where guests can also sleep on the outer wall. Outside is on this side also large veranda ( tanju ) on the rice can be dried. Above the middle part of the house in the roof a sort of loft ( Sadau ) are stored on the rice and other foods. Sometimes the attic is a gallery for the underlying corridor, so that the events in the community and guest area can be observed. Under the house is located between the stilts of life the chicken and pigs.
The buildings of the individual strains can be distinguished from each other. The above described is built by the Iban and the Melikin; similarly build the Bidayuh (Land Dayaks ), but with a wider porch and detached houses for unmarried and visitors. The Kayan, Kenyah, the, the Murut and Kelabit the build as described above, but without the partition walls between the individual families and, more recently ( 20th century), the Punan. Even today there are many places in Sarawak, containing the word " Long" in the name. These were or are still places with longhouses. Some like Long Semado in Sarawak even have their own airfields.
Siberut
As long houses are the buildings of the Sakuddei on the island of Siberut, which is one of the Mentawai islands about 130 kilometers west of Sumatra, respectively. They are home to about 5 to 10 families are inside but otherwise classified as the buildings on Borneo. The length is such an Uma -called construction of an open platform, a covered porch, two consecutive spaces and a final platform. The whole building stands on relatively short stilts about half a meter above the ground. The input deck used for general activities, while the open, but covered porch serves as a popular residence, where guests are received. Many of the men sleep here at night. The following room is separated by a door. In its center is the communal fire pit and a large dance floor. In this room there are also areas for religious purposes and acts of worship. In the next room the women sleep with their unmarried daughters and younger children in most families separated by areas. The rear deck is mainly used by women who enter the house even from this end normally.
Vietnam
The Mnong and Ê DJE in Vietnam also have traditional long house designs, which may be 30 to 40 feet long. However, in contrast to the jungle versions of the Dayak of Borneo have this, similar to the buildings on Siberut, shorter stilts and use a porch in front of a gable end as the main access.