Malus

Overview apple

The apples (Malus ) are a genus of pome fruit crops ( Pyrinae ) from the rose family ( Rosaceae ). The genus includes about 42 to 55 species of deciduous trees and shrubs from forests and thickets of the north temperate zone in Europe, Asia and North America, from which a large number of often difficult distinguishable hybrids emerged.

The world's by far the best-known and economically important species is the cultivated apple (Malus domestica). In addition, some originating from East Asia species with only about cherry-sized fruits, such as the Japanese apple (Malus floribunda ), the cherry apple (Malus baccata) and Malus x zumi are planted in temperate areas as an ornamental shrubs and trees. Not to be confused with the apples are not more closely related pomegranate ( Punica granatum ).

• 4.1 Notes and references

Word origin

The German word apple likely stems from the Indo-European original word * h ₂ eb -ol, accusative * h ₂ eb- él -m, genitive * h ₂ eb- l - ós that already - albeit in the wider sense - designated the same fruit. The derived from the genitive urgermanisches base word * aplaz, probably the first of the Holzapfel called, lay the Old High German apful, the low country mineral called, the krimgotische apel and the English apple, all apljaz with West Germanic gemination before l, and the Swedish äpple out * close. A connection to the Celtic family can be accommodated via the Irish and Welsh ubhull afal. In the baltoslawischen languages ​​of the apple is called Lithuanian obuolỹs, óbuolas, óbalas, Latvian and Russian âbuols Yabloko, Polish jabłko etc.

The name of the ancient Campanian city Abella could go back to the same root word as in Abella traditional apples were grown, although in Latin malum the apple actually is, borrowed from ancient Greek melon ( μῆλον ), which again has the pre-Greek substrate.

Description

Habit and foliage

The species of apples (Malus ) are deciduous trees or shrubs. They are usually unarmed. The alternate arranged leaves are stalked. The simple leaf blade is ovate to ovate or elliptic. The leaf margins are usually sawn, rarely smooth and sometimes lobed. Some species or varieties are valued for their purple foliage in the fall. Stipules are present but often wither early.

Inflorescences and flowers

The stalked flowers of apple trees standing singly or in doldigen schirmrispigen inflorescences. The five-fold, hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are usually shallow cup-shaped and usually have a diameter of 2-5 cm. Frequently smell the flowers. The floral axis is pitcher shaped. The five green sepals are also available at the fruit. The five free petals are white, pink or red. In each flower many (15 to 50) stamens are present, with white stamens and yellow anthers. From three to five carpels is under the constant ovary. The three to five pens are fused only at their base. Some breeds are the flowers, by conversion of the stamens in kronblattähnliche petals, semi-double or filled.

Fruit and seeds

Commonly known are the more or less roundish, edible fruit. In some species they are inedible raw. The fleshy tissue that is normally referred to as a fruit, does not arise from the ovary but from the floral axis; Therefore, the biologist speaks of sham fruits. More specifically, the apple fruit is a special form of Sammelbalgfrucht. A bellows consists of a carpel, which grows together with itself. Within the pulp produced from the bellows-like carpel a parchment -like housing. In the flesh itself are more than a few isolated nests contain stone cells. The seeds are brown or black; they contain low levels of toxic cyanides.

Classification of types

The genus Malus belonging to the subtribe Pyrinae the tribe Pyreae in the subfamily Spiraeoideae within the family Rosaceae. The genus name Malus 1754 by Philip Miller in Gard. Dict. Abr. , 4th edition, page 835, published first. Synonyms for Malus Mill are Docyniopsis ( CKSchneid. ) Koidz. , Eriolobus ( DC.) M.Roem.

There are about 42 to 55 Malus species; here a collection of home information. Among the well-known varieties of fruit delivered apple trees cultivated apple and see apple varieties. In China, about 25 species are found, of which 15 are just there. The genus Malus is (arrived in 2006 and 2008 two to tango ) in ( six to ) eight sections divided:

• Section Chloromeles: With only three valid species in North America: Southern wild apple (Malus angustifolia ( Aiton ) Michx. ): History is the USA.
• Sweet wild apple (Malus coronaria ( L.) Mill, Syn: Malus bracteata Rehder, Malus coronaria var dasycalyx Rehder, Malus fragrans Rehder, Malus glabrata Rehder, Malus glaucescens Rehder, Malus lancifolia Rehder, Pyrus coronaria L.): History is eastern North America.
• Savanna or prairie wild apple Malus ioensis ( Alph.Wood ) Britton: home is western North America.

• Malus doumeri ( Bois ) A.Chev. ( Syn: Malus formosana Kawak & Koidz, Malus laosensis ( Cardot ) A.Chev, Pyrus doumeri Bois. .. ): History, China, Taiwan, Laos and Vietnam.
• Malus leiocalyca S.Z.Huang: homeland is China.
• Malus melliana ( Hand. - Mazz. ) Rehder: homeland is China.
• Wool apple (Malus tschonoskii ( Maxim. ) CKSchneid. ): Home is Japan.

• Malus trilobata ( Poir. ) CKSchneid. The homeland is Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, Israel.

• Malus florentina ( Zuccagni ) C.K.Schneid. ( Syn: Malus crataegifolia ( Savi ) Koehne )

• Called cherry apple, also Siberian crab apple or berry apple (Malus baccata) (L.) Borkh. ( Syn: Malus pallasiana Juz, Malus sibirica ( Maxim. ) Kom, Malus daochengensis CLLI, Malus rockii Rehder, Malus jinxianensis JQDeng & JYHong, Malus xiaojinensis MHCheng & NGJiang. ): Home is East Asia.
• Halls apple (Malus halliana Koehne ): home is Japan and China.
• Teeapfel or Chinese wild apple (Malus hupehensis ( Pamp. ) ) Rehder: homeland is China.
• Malus mandshurica ( Maxim. ) Kom ex Skvortsov ( Syn:. Malus cerasifera Spach, Malus sachalinensis Juz, Pyrus baccata mandshurica var Maxim, Malus baccata ssp mandshurica ( Komarov ) Likhonos, M. baccata mandshurica var ( Maxim. ). . CKSchneider ): home is East Asia.
• Malus sikkimensis ( Wenz. ) Koehne ex CKSchneid. Homeland is the Himalayas.
• Malus spontanea ( Makino ) Makino

• Malus chitralensis Vassilcz.
• Japanese wild apple, also called coral apple (Malus floribunda sieve ex Van Houtte. ): Home is Japan.
• Malus muliensis T.C.Ku
• Caucasus apple or Oriental apple (. Malus orientalis Uglitzk ), mountain forests and forest edges of southern Caucasus - In addition to M. sieversii second most important ancestor of apple culture
• Malus prunifolia ( Willd.) Borkh. Homeland is China.
• Malus pumila Mill ( syn.. Malus communis Poiret, M. dasyphylla Borkhausen, M. domestica var dasyphylla Koidzumi, M. domestica Borkhausen, M. domestica subsp pumila (Mill.) Likhonos, M. pumila var domestica CKSchneider, Niedzwetzki apple niedzwetzkyana M. Dieck ex Koehne, M. sylvestris ssp. mitis Mansfeld, Pyrus malus L., P. malus pumila var Henry), (western Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe)
• Asian wild apple, even Altai apple (Malus sieversii ( Ledeb. ) M.Roem, Syn: .. .. Malus kirghisorum Al.Fed & Fed, Malus turkmenorum Juz & Popov ), mountain forests of Central Asia to western China Tajikistan - probably the main stem of the form Culture apple.
• Chinese apple (Malus spectabilis ( Aiton ) Borkh. ) (Asia, probably China)
• Called wood apple or European wild apple (Malus sylvestris ( L.) Mill ), Western Asia and Europe - probably, but possibly crossed according to recent studies, no root form of the culture apple in it.
• Malus zhaojiaoensis N.G.Jiang
• Malus × adstringens Zabel ( = M. baccata × M. pumila )
• Malus × arnoldiana ( Rehder ) coffin. ex Rehder ( = M. baccata × M. floribunda, Syn: Malus floribunda var arnoldiana Rehder )
• Malus × asiatica Nakai ( Syn: Malus ringo sieve ex Carrière. ): Home is China, where there are many varieties for fruit cultivation.
• Malus × astracanica hort. ex Dum. Cours. ( = M. prunifolia × M. pumila )
• Cultivated apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ), The origin is in Asia. The original forms are probably the Asian wild apple (M. sieversii ) and the Caucasus apple ( M. orientalis). In addition, early crosses with M. dasyphylia and M. praecox be accepted.
• Malus × hartwigii Koehne ( = M. baccata × M. halliana )
• Malus × magdeburgensis Hartwig ( = M. pumila × M. spectabilis ), ( Germany, accidental discovery near Magdeburg )
• Malus × micro malus Makino ( = M. spectabilis × M. baccata ): Is widely used in China as an ornamental tree and grown due to the edible fruit.
• Purple apple (Malus x purpurea ( A.Barbier ) Rehder, M. = × × atrosanguinea M. pumila, Syn: Malus floribunda var lemoinei É.Lemoine, Malus floribunda var purpurea A.Barbier, Malus x purpurea f eleyi ( Bean) Rehder, Malus x purpurea f lemoinei ( É.Lemoine ) Rehder, Malus x purpurea var aldenhamensis Rehder )
• Malus × robusta ( Carrière ) Rehder ( = M. baccata × M. prunifolia, Syn: Malus robusta var microcarpa Carrière )
• Malus × scheideckeri Späth ex Zabel ( = M. floribunda × M. prunifolia )

• Malus bhutanica ( WWSm. ) JBPhipps ( Syn: Malus toringoides ( Rehder ) Hughes )
• Malus kansuensis ( Batalin ) CKSchneid. Homeland is the western China.
• Malus komarovii ( Sarg. ) Rehder: homeland is China and northern Korea
• Malus maerkangensis M.H.Cheng et al.
• Malus sargentii Rehder, (Japan)
• Malus toringo ( Sieb. ) de Vriese ( Syn: Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder ) (Eastern Asia, Japan)
• Malus transitoria ( Batalin ) C.K.Schneid. ( Syn: Malus bhutanica (W W.Sm. ) JBPhipps ), ( northwestern China)
• Crabapple (Malus x zumi ( Matsum. ) Rehder ), no wild type known; there are several varieties, some with blood-red leaves.
• Malus × atrosanguinea ( hort. ex Späth ) CKSchneid. ( = M. halliana × M. toringo )

• Malus honanensis Rehder: homeland is China.
• Malus ombrophila Hand. - Mazz. Homeland is China.
• Malus prattii ( Hemsl. ) CKSchneider ( Syn: Malus kaido Dippel ): History is only the Chinese provinces: western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan
• Malus yunnanensis ( Franch. ) CKSchneid. Homeland is the south-western China.

• Without Tribuszugehörigkeit: Malus brevipes ( Rehder ) Rehder ( known only from culture)
• Malus × platycarpa Rehder (USA)
• Malus × sublobata ( Dippel ) Rehder ( = M. prunifolia × M. toringo, Syn: Malus var ringo sublobata Dippel )
• Malus × soulardi

There are also hybrids within the genus subtribes Pyrinae, for example Sorbus × Malus and even triple junctions: ( Pyrus Cydonia × ) × Malus.