Ski jumping

Ski jumping is a winter sport in which the skier jumps over a ramp, while a short time in contact with the soil loses before he touches down again. As a discipline, the Winter Olympics ski jumping is also called jumping or special jumping. The athlete then travels on his skis down a ski jump to record speed, then jumps off at takeoff and tried to fly as far as possible. The jury evaluated in addition to the length of the jump, the flight attitude and the elegance of the landing.

Ski jumping is an individual sport, together with the cross-country skiing at the same time but also a part of the Nordic combined. Since 1988 the team competition will be carried out, in which usually start four jumpers for each participating country. This corresponds to the result of the team of the sum of the scores of the four individual Springer.

Ski jumping on particularly large jumps (from a hill size of 185 m, the so-called flying hills ) is called 'fly'.

3.1 Wide Records
3.2 high scores

5.1 Men 5.1.1 Olympic Games
Nordic World Ski Championships 5.1.2
5.1.3 Ski Flying World Championships
5.1.4 World Cup
5.1.5 Four Hills Tournament
5.1.6 Nordic Tournament
5.1.7 FIS Team Tour
5.1.8 Grand Prix
5.1.9 Continental
5.1.10 FIS Cup
5.1.11 Other Competitions

5.2.1 First own competitions
5.2.2 World Championships
5.2.3 Grand Prix and other international comparisons
5.2.4 Olympic Games
5.2.5 breach Series

Expiration

Competition

A ski jumping competition consists usually of a qualification round and two scored rounds. The 50 best jumpers of the qualification can participate in the main competition in World Cup competition, the ten best jumper of the overall World Cup will automatically qualify. The main competition is held in two passes, with the second pass can attend only the 30 best jumpers of the first round.

Winner of a ski jumping competition is the Springer with the most points after the two scored rounds. These points are made up of points for length and style points (see review). To determine the placement of the points of the two passages are added.

Jump

The athletes go ski jumping on skis in a prepared snow or ice track (or in the summer ceramic, metal or matte track) the start of the ski jump down. First, the ski jumper sets the bar that is in the start of the jump, pushes his hands from the bar down and takes up the start position; while the upper body is placed on the thighs and so reached a squatting posture. After he is down the hill, coming in at around 90 km / h, the jump from the takeoff. The ski jumping is targeted with a strong jump up, pulls the skis to his body and spreads them simultaneously to a V from. This part of the jump is very important for the further course of the experiment.

The flight itself ski jumpers will retain the flight position, until he comes to the slope so close that he must initiate the landing. These include the Springer be V and provides the skis parallel to each other. To gain better posture scores, Springer brings the feet in a step position and spreads his arms. This landing technique called Telemark. The maximum theoretically achievable width is due to the jump itself. For identification of the " ski jump type " the Hill -size brand serves.

Assessment

The total number of points received by a Springer for his jump, is composed of equal numbers of points for length and posture:

The width is measured at the video width measuring over still images of a video camera. Here, a wide line on the video image extrapolated to the landing point, that is made of specially entered measuring points calculated, and thus determines the width to 0.5 m exactly. In case of failure of the system are available Wide judge. The wide grade is calculated from the K- point of the jump and the measured width. Is measured in the inclined landing hill (formerly by estimating the wide funnel, today with digital camera and computer analysis ). The K - point ( design point ) refers to the distance indicated (eg K120 = 120 m) from the edge of the takeoff until the start of the radius, which represents the end of Aufsprungzone, " as if to an imaginary tape measure along the slope put ". When Springer measuring point is the middle of the foot, at a telemark landing area in the middle between both feet.

For a dip exactly at the K- point 60 wide points will be awarded ( at flying hills 120). For every meter above or below the K-point are added depending on the Hill Size Wide points or subtracted. In large hills that are most commonly represented in the World Cup, these are 1.8 points per meter, on flying hills 1.2 points. Hence the total number of points for the cracked length.

The judges, normally five (at least three), assign grades for the three categories to be evaluated flight, landing and exit. From the ideal score 20.0 in each error group 0-5 or in a group exit 7 points will be deducted in 0.5 increments. Of the five scores the highest and lowest score are deleted so that the Springer maximum of 60 points ( attitude score ) can be obtained.

Example of the calculation of the final grade ( hill: K120 meter value: 1.8 points / m)

Wind and gate control

In the 2009/10 season, a wind and a gate factor were introduced. The tested during the summer 2009 competitions rules tested the Judges at competitions as part of the FIS Team Tour ( January 30-February 7 ), the Nordic Tournament ( March 6 to 14 ) and the Ski Flying World Championships (19 to March 21 ). They also came in the World Cup competitions of the Nordic combination. Since the summer of 2010, the rules official.

The wind factor makes it possible to compensate for changes in the wind conditions between each jump. At each jump, the wind speed and direction is measured at five different points and an average value - the wind value - determined. The points are according to the formula wind value × - determined / 20 ( hill size 36). With a tailwind there are bonus points upwind counters are deducted.

Due to the width or Torfaktor (f- value ), it is possible to change the start-up length in the competition without having to restart the passage again. It is calculated separately for each jump and indicates how to change the size of jumps for a start-up extension by one meter. The score is calculated using the formula modified run-in length in centimeters as a percentage of the f- score × per meter. If the restart length modified in competition, so the following athletes the corresponding score will be credited or deducted.

With the red button can cause a change in the starting length for their Springer since the 2012/13 season and the coach.

World Cup points

In Ski Jumping World Cup get the 30 top ranked Springer World Cup points. These are usually the 30 participants who have qualified for the second round of jumping. Can be made of weather or other reasons not be performed a second passage, only the first passage for the competition will be judged. If two jumpers are tied after the first passage on the 30th place, then go 31 Springer in the second round, and the last of this petition does not receive any World Cup points. So this can be another one of the two after the first passage placed on rank 30 Springer.

History

The first mention of a ski jumping originates from the year 1796, the Dutch naval officer Cornelius de Jong reported on an exercise Norwegian soldiers. "From the mountains Outbound, they ran on the plane. Then there was a pile of wood and snow from a considerable height, they had to skip, jump ... I guess the inclination of the slope is calculated at 12 Ellen " (about 6-7 m) -. Yet already been sliding boards in snow used by the mountain people of the county of Telemark, but not superficially to jump. A native of Telemark Sondre Norheim Zimmermann reached 1860 at the end of a long run of his hometown to Christiania ( Oslo 1924 ) by an improvised rock -Hills already has a width of 30.5 m. The first pictorial representation of a ski jumping in Norway is available on 16 February 1862. 1868 jumped Lieutenant Olaf Rye by a snow hill artificially raised 9.5 m wide. - After jumping was especially known for emigrating Norwegians also in Central Europe and North America. In the enthusiasm of the Scandinavians on this new sport, the Norwegian royal family donated a " Royal Cup ", which was awarded in 1882 at the Holmenkollen for the first time. The first major discharged annually ski jumping competition took place in 1879 on the Husebybakken in Oslo. 1892 moved the competition to the Holmenkollen, which is still regarded as the mecca of Nordic winter sports.

The European ski jumping began on February 2, 1891 the Styrian ski jumping in Miirzzuschlag where it was jumping from a snow-covered dunghill. In Germany a first competition took place in 1893, with modest jump distances have been achieved: for example, in the Harz 8 m or at the first German Championships in February 1900 17.5 m. In the Black Forest, the core of the rapid development of skiing in Germany, was built around 1900 on Feldberghof the first ski jump (Max- Egon -Hill ), which has been used for a long time; others followed: in 1937, inter alia, the Great Black Forest hill. With the development of the inclined landing hill larger jump distances were achieved in the 20th century and more and more refined materials and equipment were used.

Ski jumping men heard since the first Winter Games in 1924 to the Olympic program. In the 21st century ski jumping became popular as women's sports and olympics since 2014.

Jumping technique

The technique of ski jumping has changed significantly over the decades. In the early days paddled the ski jumpers during the jump with parallel Skihaltung with the poor. Later, stretched out his arms and held her close to the body. The most recent technological revolution, there were in the early 1990s, when the flying style with V-shaped spread skis (V- style) prevailed over the parallel style. The new style, first practiced by the Sweden January Boklöv, allowed due to the improved aerodynamics significantly more jumps. Originally had Boklöv for high points deductions for the flight technique to accept, the much higher size but still allowed him to achieve top rankings. Later, all Springer took over this technique.

It is also true when landing apply a particular style, the " Telemark ". The Telemark, named after the Norwegian county of Telemark, because he was bound there for the first time, is a sort of lunge, in which the rear leg is bent significantly lower than the front leg. The so-called Kacherllandung, also referred to as a parallel landing where put the skis parallel and flush front is often done for safety of the jumpers for particularly large expanses, but rated significantly worse.

Wide Records

The improvements in technology, materials and training strategy have - as is typical in sports - led to a rapid development record. The first statistically captured distance record of 1879 was 23 m. By 1927 Norwegian only improved the distance record, then broke the Swiss Bruno Trojani with 72 m world record. In 1936 there was the first jump over 100m by the Austrian Sepp Bradl (101 m). In 1962, the world record by Peter Lesser to 141 m, 1965 improved to 145 m. In 1967, jumped from the Norwegian Lars Grini 150 m.

The first seasoned flight over 200 m in 1994 succeeded the Finn Toni Nieminen with 203 m. Andreas Goldberger ( Austria ) reached this length on the same day earlier; the jump was but when overthrown, as Goldberger took during the landing in the snow. Apart from that, there were at that time officially no such flights. For security reasons, the FIS had decided in 1986 to limit flights to 191 m. So that every flight was evaluated by this brand only 191 m. In the mid- 1990s, this restriction was lifted.

The current world record is 246.5 meters and was on 11 February 2011 by the Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen in Vikersund (Norway ), where he twice flew a world record in the qualifying round for the World Cup erected. Before that, the world record was 239 meters, bounded by Bjørn Einar Romøren (Norway ) on 20 March 2005 on the now world's second largest ski flying hill in Planica, Slovenia. Janne Ahonen (Finland ) jumped the same competition, with 240 m an even greater distance, but he crashed it. As world records only seasoned jumps apply.

The ladies world record was set with 200 m the Austrian Daniela Iraschko on the Kulm. This record, which was set up as part of the ski flying the men's 2003, but not officially recognized.

High scores

When a ski jumper for his jump from all five judges, the highest score receives 20 because no points are deducted in the three categories to be evaluated flight, landing and exit, which is considered as a perfect jump. So far in the history of ski jumping just five jumpers have received this highest rating:

Sven Hanna forest and Wolfgang Loitzl received for her second jump four times each attitude score 20 and even 19.5 points and were thus rated nine times with the highest grade 20 in a jump event. Kazuyoshi Funaki is the only ski jumper, the multiply five times get excellent jumps with the highest grade.

Dissemination

Ski jumping is a dangerous and technically highly demanding sport. Moreover, since the maintenance of the jumps and the cost of materials for the ski jumpers are quite expensive, ski jumping is not a mass sport. Worldwide, there are only a few thousand active ski jumper. In Germany are the centers of the ski sport the Bavarian Alps, the southern Black Forest, the Bavarian Forest, the Erzgebirge, Vogtland, the Thuringian Forest, the North Hessian Willingen and the Fichtelgebirge.

Ski Jumping is currently operating in 31 countries in Europe ( 24 countries ), Asia (5 countries ) and North America (2 countries) professional. By far the most successful nine countries, eight of them from Europe. The greatest successes have Austria, Germany, Finland and Norway exhibit. The classical nations but also includes Slovenia, Poland, Czech Republic, Russia and Japan as the only Asian nation. At the top of the world but also include some jumpers from France, Italy and Switzerland.

The "smaller" European nations include Estonia, Sweden, Slovakia and the Ukraine. However, Sweden has a special meaning in so far as the Swede Jan Boklöv has developed since 1990 generally applied V- style. Moreover, in Romania and Turkey, each trying to build a team. To a lesser extent this is attempted in Bulgaria, Croatia and Latvia. A handful Springer is also available in Hungary, Belarus, the Netherlands and Greece.

In North America jumps in the U.S. are in place, but the jumpers there were able to record any success with a few exceptions. In Canada Ski jumping is an extreme fringe sport, which is why there are hardly any successful ski jumpers there. The exceptions were in the 1980s, Horst Bulau and Steve Collins.

From Asia have so far mainly ski jumpers in Japan, Kazakhstan and South Korea internationally active. Very few Springer is also available in China and Georgia.

In some countries amateur Springer are known, including in Lithuania and Serbia, where there are small jumps each. In Australia, a Slovenian immigrant and avid amateur Springer named Tony Mihelcic tried to build a team. In 2004, the project for the construction of a ski jump complex and the establishment of the Ski Jumping Institute Australia has been published. The so far only Greek ski jumper is Nico Polychronidis. There used also in other countries such as Denmark, Iceland and Spain ski jumper.

Competitions

Olympic games

Since the first Winter Olympic Games Ski Jumping 1924 is represented in the competition disciplines. Since 1964, two individual competitions are held, one on the normal hill and the large hill. By 1988, the design point the normal hill was set to 70 m, the large hill at 90 m. Since 1992, the 90 - meter hill is the normal hill, the large hill has a design point of 120 m. Since 1988, a team competition also will be held. By 1984, the Olympic Games were also the same World Championships.

Nordic World Ski Championships

The Nordic World Ski Championships were held for the first time at the Olympic Winter Games in 1924 and found today every two years in each place in the months of January to March. Ski jumping was from the beginning one of the competition disciplines. Since 1962, there are in addition to jumping on the normal hill and a single competition on the large hill.

In the Nordic World Ski Championships 1978 in Lahti for the first time a still unofficial team competition was held in 1982 in Oslo also medals were first awarded in the team competition. At the World Championships in 1984 in Engelberg, a separate team World Cup also was held. At the World Championships in 2001 and 2005, there were in addition to the usual team competition on the large hill also one of the normal hill, the both times Austria won.

However, the team competition on the normal hill is not an integral part of the program for Nordic World Championships, it must be requested by the organizers at the FIS. " The Finns and the Germans, after getting awarded the World Cup, applied for the jump Committee of the FIS, whether they stage two team competitions. But it is not the rule, "confirmed FIS race director Walter Hofer. Thus, for the next two World Championships in Sapporo in 2007 and 2009, only Liberec team medals were awarded on the large hill again.

Ski Flying World Championships

Since 1972 there is a ski flying World Cup, which will be held in alternate years with the Nordic World Ski Championships.

World Cup

The best ski jumpers take part in the Ski Jumping World Cup, one in 1979 discharged from the FIS during the entire winter series of some 30 events in nine countries, especially North and Central Europe, but also in Japan and the United States. Some of the world cup competitions take place on larger ski jump. In addition to the individual competitions discharged team competitions are also held by nations. The ranking of ski jumpers in the World Cup is determined by the FIS points system. The end of the World Cup season in March is traditionally the ski flying on one of the largest jumps in Planica Slovenia.

Since the 2011/2012 season, the women wear from their own competition series on World Cup level. In August 2012, the first mixed- competition took place in Courchevel as part of the Summer Grand Prix, on 23 November 2012, he was held in Lillehammer for the first time as a World Cup competition.

Four Hills Tournament

Since 1952, takes place annually over the New Year on four jumps in Germany and Austria, the Four Hills Tournament instead. Since 1979, the tour will be organized as part of the World Cup. Your profit is considered to be at least as prestigious as a world title since the Springer in a comparatively short time to adjust to four different hill profiles. Sven Hanna Forest is the first and so far only jumper to have won all four competitions a tour. Janne Ahonen could win five times the overall victory, Jens Weißflog four times. In the Four Hills Tournament 2005/ 06 there were equal on points with the two jumpers Janne Ahonen and Jakub Janda first time in history two winners.

Nordic Tournament

Since 1997, four individual competitions of the World Cup will be held in the framework of the so-called Nordic Tournament, a skandianavischen equivalent of the Four Hills Tournament. This competition series includes jumping in Lahti, Kuopio and Lillehammer and the most prestigious jumping on the Holmenkollen in Oslo. In the 2004/ 05 World Cup season succeeded Matti Hautamäki as the first ski jumper, all four competitions of the Nordic Tournament to decide for themselves.

FIS Team Tour

Since the year 2009 the FIS Team Tour, which will be held in Germany. The ski flying event in Oberstdorf can also be laid to Bad Mitterndorf.

Grand Prix

Since 1994 there has been a six to twelve jumping competition series in the summer, the amounts transferred to plastic covered hills Summer Grand Prix. This corresponds to the athletic level the World Cup.

Continental

The Continental Cup, abbreviated COC, is the second highest class competition after the World Cup. Commonly, here at younger Springer to erspringen a place in the World Cup team of their country. Unlike the World Cup and Grand Prix, taking place only in winter or summer, includes a COC- season summer and winter jumping a whole. Since 2004, a Continental Cup women is discharged.

FIS Cup

The discharged until 2005 FIS Cup is the lowest discharged by the FIS competition series in ski jumping. Although there is no age restriction to take on the FIS Cup mainly engaged young young athletes. Before the introduction of the FIS Cup FIS so-called jumping were held at this level already, but for which there was no overall standings.

More Contests

Junior World Championships are held every year by the FIS. Also find ski jumping competitions held as part of the Universiade. Add to that the Alpine Cup, organized by the OPA junior series. Every major ski jumping nation will host national championships. In addition, there are many organized at club level jumping, as well as junior and senior competitions.

Women

First own competitions

The women 's ski jumping developed around the turn of the millennium; in 2002 took from the winter sports active countries about 300 women to jump competitions, of which around 200 Norwegians, 40 Japanese women, 40 Austrians, some German. Although it thus still lacked a sufficiently broad basis for special women's competitions, judged the FIS in the 2003/ 04 first official women's jump competition during the World Youth Championship in Stryn (Norway ) from.

World Championships

In 2009, the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was in the first official women's ski jumping World Cup in Liberec unsubscribe. First world champion was the American Lindsey Van.

2006, the first official World Youth Championship for Women was held. In the following World Championships, the women's team competition has been introduced.

Grand Prix and other international comparisons

More women's competitions are the Ladies FIS Grand Prix, which in its eighth edition in 2006 includes a total of four individual competitions in Baiersbronn, Schoenwald im Schwarzwald, Saalfelden and width mountain and a team competition. This is included since 2005 in the FIS Continental Cup ( ladies), which twelve competitions in winter and four in summer competitions includes.

Olympic games

Ski jumping women 's olympic since the Winter Games in Sochi in 2014. Already for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, a request for the inclusion of the women's competition was made, which the IOC has rejected.

Injury series

Within just a few months top five jumpers were hard to fall and are expected for the Olympic Games in Sochi fail 2014: In a training jump in Oberstdorf injured Sarah Hendrickson, the reigning world champion of 2013, on his right knee. In initial media reports, there was talk that Hendrickson could completely fail or go with a large training deficit in Sochi at the start. A few days earlier, on August 12, 2013, Alexandra was Pretorius, the double Grand Prix winner, a bad fall during training in Courchevel and is likely to be with security for Sochi. The Cup -de-France winner of 2013, Caroline Espiau, injured apparently difficult in June 2013. Anja Tepeš was already a bad fall on March 17, 2013 in Oslo, and on 12 January 2013, Daniela Iraschko, the world champion of 2011 injured, in Hinterzarten his knee badly.

Ski jumpers start with an extended run-up to achieve a sufficient take-off speed in spite of their lower body weight. However, due to the lower weight they achieve widths that are not among those of the ski jumper. In media reports, repeatedly pointed out that by doing the knee and ankle joints of jumpers could be physiologically overwhelmed.

Rules for equipment and clothing jump

In ski jumping, there is mainly a fixed equipment, consisting of special jump skis and helmets. Very important is the length of the ski, which must be reduced if the jumper falls below a body mass index of 20. As of the 2011 summer season, a body mass index of at least 20.5, including suit and shoes to make use of the full length of the ski is necessary.

Only in the last decades of the 20th century, the clothing was regulated and since then constantly adapted to new developments. The athletes now wear one-piece suits with specified maximum air permeability values ( 30 l/min-40 l / min), as the material is used chintz fabric, which must be 3-5 mm thick; for back or headwind situations there are different suits. At the start of the season, the suits are measured and then " sealed " during the season sample checks are carried out. Since 2003, the jump suits to 6 parts of the body may ( upper arms, armpits, chest, buttocks, torso, thighs ) are adapted to the individual jumpers ( deviation max. 6 cm). Suits and athletes are measured with a digital body scanners. - These definitions were necessary because the Austrians in 2002/ 03 by a mix of materials (fish skin - suits) and a longer step for their jumpsuits benefits for their starter took out at the Four Hills Tournament. On the sleeve ends loops are attached, which are tightened between the fingers, and thus ensure a wrinkle-free as possible seat. The nature of the underwear is now also prescribed.

Race numbers are required. Without number it comes to disqualification, as in the team event of the Nordic Combined U.S. American Bill Demong befell at the 2009 World Cup. Too long skis and broad suits also result in disqualification.

The Materials Committee of the FIS has decided 2011 new rules to improve safety of the athletes. These concern the length and sidecut of alpine skis and the clothing of the ski jumper. From the details obtained as the most important change that the suits must rest now much closer.

Media presence

On television, ski jumping on Euro sport and pay- TV channels Euro Sport 2 is shown. In Germany Ski Jumping is transmitted by ARD and ZDF in Change during the winter season every weekend. In Austria, the transmission by the ORF, in Switzerland by SRF two takes place.

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