Argemone

Wide Horny Prickly Poppy ( Argemone platyceras )

Prickly Poppy ( Argemone ) is a plant genus of the family poppy family ( Papaveraceae ). The approximately 32 species have a wide distribution in the New World, which is a front in Hawaii.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Argemone species grow as an annual or biennial, monocarpic or perennial herbaceous plants, some species are subshrubs. The plant parts carry a white, yellow to orange, bitter latex. Are formed taproots. Stems and leaves can be frosted. The most upright and stocky stems are branched and leafy.

The alternate and spirally distributed on the stem and / or in a basal rosette arranged leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blade may be unlobed or slightly lobed to deeply. The leaf edges are serrated and each leaf tooth ends in a spike tip. The leaf surfaces are often frosted, often spotted on the leaf veins away and bristly hairy or glabrous; they can be prickly. Stipules absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers appear singly or in terminal zymösen inflorescences. There are bracts present, sometimes they are leaf-like foliage. The flower buds are erect.

The relatively large, hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry with a double perianth. The base of the flower is narrow conical. The two or three free sepals have a horn-like peak, can be filled with spikes and fall off when you open the flower. The (rarely four to ) usually six petals are in two circles. The color of the petals, depending on the type of often orange or yellow to yellowish - white or white, sometimes pink to mauve. In the buds, the petals overlap like roof tiles or they are twisted. The many (20 to 250 or more ) of free, fertile stamens are formed centripetally. The filaments are filiform or subulate at the top. The dust bags are often elongate, near the base of columns is bent outwards and is curved after opening. Most three to five, rarely up to seven carpels are fused to a constant above, unilocular ovary, which is ovoid, conical - ovoid or nearly elliptical. There are many ovules available. In the ovary there are an equal number of pen such as carpels, which are barely visible to style short, free and terminate in radially arranged stigma lobes.

Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

The upright, usually spiny or rarely bare, ellipsoidal capsule fruits usually have three to five, rarely up to seven fruit subjects whose segments are slightly lobed or they open from the top toward the base at most a third of their length, rarely further divide to its individual elements remain in a kind of skeleton, connected with the stylus and scars and contain many seeds. The nearly spherical seeds are tiny grained. It is an aril available.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is n = 14 Most herbaceous species can form hybrids, but the F1 generation is sterile when differ parents in ploidy.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Argemone was erected in 1753 by L. Species Plantarum, 1, pp. 508-509. As Lectotypusart 1913 Argemone mexicana L. was by NL Britton and A. Brown in Ill. Fl. N.U.S., 2nd Edition, 2, pp. 138 set. Synonyms for Argemone are Echtrus Lour. and Enomegra A.Nelson.

The genus Argemone belongs to the tribe Papavereae in the subfamily Papaveroideae within the family of Papaveraceae.

There are about 32 species in the genus Argemone that in the New World and in Hawaii happen ( sort of):

  • Argemone Aenea Ownbey: It grows on dry plains and low hills, along roads and field edges at altitudes 0-1500 meters in Texas. In Mexico, it occurs in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.
  • White Prickly Poppy ( Argemone albiflora Hornem. ): It comes with two subspecies in the USA
  • Argemone arida Rose
  • Argemone arizonica Ownbey: The nature thrives on steep slopes at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 meters only in Arizona.
  • Argemone aurantiaca Ownbey: The type grows in fields and pastures and on hills at altitudes between 150 and 500 meters in Texas.
  • Argemone brevicornuta Ownbey
  • Argemone burkartii Sorarú, Origin: Argentina
  • Argemone chisosensis Ownbey, Origin: Mexico
  • Argemone corymbosa Greene, Origin: Western North America
  • Argemone crassifolia Ownbey
  • Argemone echinata Ownbey
  • Argemone fruticosa Thurber ex A. Gray
  • Argemone glauca ( Prain ex Nutt. ) Pope
  • Argemone gracilenta Greene, Origin: Arizona, Mexico
  • Large-flowered Prickly Poppy ( Argemone grandiflora Sweet), Origin: Mexico
  • Argemone hispida A. Gray, Origin: Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming
  • Argemone hunnemannii Otto
  • Mexican Prickly Poppy or Common Prickly Poppy ( Argemone mexicana L.): He comes from Canada through the United States and Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean islands as well as in western South America in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru naturally. He is a neophyte in many areas of the world.
  • Argemone munita Durand & Hilg, home. Western North America
  • Bleicher Prickly Poppy ( Argemone ochroleuca Sweet): The home is Mexico. He is a neophyte in some tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
  • Argemone ownbeyana M.C.Johnst.
  • Wide Horny Prickly Poppy or Riesenblütiger Prickly Poppy ( Argemone platyceras Link & Otto ): The home is southern Mexico.
  • Argemone pleiacantha Greene, Origin: Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
  • Horned Prickly Poppy or Vielblütiger Prickly Poppy ( Argemone polyanthemos ( Fedde ) Ownbey ), Origin: USA ( Texas and Colorado to North Dakota, and Wyoming)
  • Argemone rosea Hook.
  • Reddish White Prickly Poppy ( Argemone sanguinea Greene), Origin: Northeast Mexico, southern Texas, on coastal dunes and chaparral at elevations up to 1500 meters
  • Argemone squarrosa Greene, Origin: Western North America
  • Argemone Subalpina A.McDonald
  • Argemone subfusiformis Ownbey
  • Argemone subintegrifolia Ownbey
  • Argemone superba Ownbey
  • Argemone turnerae A.M.Powell

Use

Some species are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

From the seeds of Argemone mexicana, an oil is obtained, which is used for example in the manufacture of soap. The medical effects of Argemone albiflora and Argemone mexicana were examined.

Swell

  • Gerald B. Ownbey: Argemone in the Flora of North America, Volume 3: text Registered as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 4 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
  • Zhang Mingli & Christopher Grey -Wilson: Argemone, pp. 262 - text Registered as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, December 2, 2008 ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 ( section description)
  • Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
  • Eckhart J. Hunter, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion Flora of Germany. Volume 5 Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Oxford University Press. Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8
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