Attelabidae
Hazel leaf roller ( Apoderus coryli )
The leaf roller ( Attelabidae ) are a family of beetles, they belong to the superfamily Curculionoidea. The family is defined somewhat differently in different authors: some researchers consider the subfamily Rhynchitinae as an independent family. The Attelabidae comprise about 2100 species worldwide ( as of 2004), which are about half the Rhynchitinae. Its distribution is focused in the tropics.
Features
The beetles are four to eight millimeters long. You can see the weevils very similar because in them a rostrum can be seen ( trunk ), which is however strongly pronounced. The sensors are not kneeling. The legs are well developed (for slow below ). The feet are five-membered, however, we often find the fourth member only indistinctly. The Fußunterseiten are densely hairy. Typical of the family are the viersegmentigen Maxillarpalpen ( with most other Curculionoidea are they on or zweisegmentig ). Most species are conspicuously colored ( aposematische coloring or warning costume ), especially many Rhynchitinae are striking metallic sheen. The beetles seem almost always bald, thick hair or dandruff stocking is almost never available.
Distinctive features include the species of the family Apoderinae. With them on the head, the temples are like a rounded back, extended and cut off the head towards the back neck shape.
Way of life
Both the beetles and the larvae feed on plants ( phytophagous ). Food base are mainly leaves of deciduous trees and shrubs. Especially often the Rosaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae be used, but it occur on a variety of other plant families specialized species. About two -thirds of all species are monophagous on a single plant species or genus. Only a few species are found in many different plant species.
The beetles have developed an exceptional brood care. The female cuts leaves a way that easily roll up these. In this role, it lays its eggs, so that the larvae can develop protected. Some forms bite the sheet from merely so that it withers and falls to the ground. This behavior is considered to be primitive form from which the sophisticated behavior of the leafrollers has developed. In the subfamily Rhynchitinae also species occur that roll or fold no leaves. These species live mostly in fruit plants or buds. Few species live on herbaceous plants in Central Europe, for example Auletobius sanguisorbae the great burnet. Very few phylogenetically original species live on softwoods.
The behavior of the leaf roller was noticed by many of the early naturalists and described in detail by Jean -Henri Fabre eg the poplar leaf roller ( Byctiscus populi ). The beetle selects a fully unfolded, but still soft sheet. He eats a niche in the petiole that severs the most, but not all, vessels. The leaf begins to wilt, it now hangs vertically down. The beetle moves to the upper leaf surface and take the leaf margins, which he grasps with his powerful claws and curling inward. He holds the sheet in the rolled position until its shape to the new situation has adapted. The next layer of the roll is processed in the opposite direction to secure the already rolled piece. If the roll is finished, the beetle pressed his snout against the last winding until there emerges sticky glandular secretion from the leaf that the winding is fixed. The processing of such a cigar- shaped leaf roll lasts about 24 hours. Be one in each winding, or deposited several eggs. The copulation by the male occurs during the rolling operation.
Most Attelabinae turn to a slightly different technique. Do not cut on the petiole, but cut one to the middle vein vertical section through the basal part of the leaf blade. This is not the whole sheet, but only the front part is transformed into a winding. Depending on only one side or both sides of the lamina is cut. Some shapes roll leaves, whole without cutting it first. The form and shape of the sheet winding is specifically different. In most species, the withered leaf falls off and winding down sooner or later. The larva then pupates usually in a doll's cradle in the ground.
Some Attelabidae leave the leaf scrolls relatives. The North American " Diebsrüssler " ( thief weevil ) Pterocolus ovatus is one of these Kleptoparasiten. He is looking just finished winding sheet of Homoeolabus analis of oak or chestnut. Then he eats the egg of its kind and sets its own egg in the leaf wrapping from. The larva then develops normally further from the leaf substance.
Attelabidae usually have only one generation per year. Only a few species of a second generation is reported.
Economic Importance
Some species are, at least locally, as agricultural or forestry pests. So Rhynchites bacchus is considered a dreaded pest in orchards.
System
The Attelabidae family is one of the more primitive weevils with straight, not geknieten sensors ( " Orthoceri "). Possible sister groups are the Belidae or Brentidae. While most taxonomists today prefer a broad definition of family ( under the bullet Rhynchitinae ), there are some that separate the Rhynchitinae as an independent family. Molecular studies Bais homologous DNA sequences have grouping Attelabinae supported with Rhynchitinae partly, but partly also obtained different results. The subfamily Apoderinae is probably closely related to the Attelabinae. The more closely related with the Rhynchitinae subfamily Pterocolinae does not occur in Central Europe.
In Central Europe, the leaf roller are represented by only two genera and three species, throughout Europe, there are only two sub- families, two genera and six species. The Attelabidae were counted earlier to the family of weevils ( Curculionidae ).
Family Attelabidae (leaf roller )
Subfamily Apoderinae
- Hazel leaf roller ( Apoderus coryli ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Apoderus erythropterus ( Gmelin, 1790)
Subfamily Attelabinae
- Oak leaf roller or Eichenkugelrüssler ( Attelabus nitens ) ( Scopoli, 1763)
- Attelabus sulcifrons ( Argod, 1895)
- Attelabus suturalis Jekel, 1860
- Attelabus variolosus (Fabricius, 1801)
Subfamily Rhynchitinae
- Auletobius sanguisorbae ( Cabinet, 1798)
- Lasiorhynchites sericeus (Fall, 1797)
- Lasiorhynchites cavifrons ( Gyllenhal, 1833)
- Lasiorhynchites olivaceus ( Gyllenhal, 1833)
- Lasiorhynchites praeustus ( Boheman, 1845)
- Lasiorhynchites coeruleocephalus ( Schaller, 1783)
- Temnocerus nanus ( Paykull, 1792)
- Temnocerus tomentosus ( Gyllenhal, 1839)
- Temnocerus longiceps (Thomson, 1888)
- Erdbeerstängelrüssler ( Coenorhinus germanicus ) (Fall, 1797)
- Coenorhinus aeneovirens ( Marsham, 1802)
- Coenorhinus interpunctatus ( Stephens, 1831)
- Coenorhinus germanicus (Fall, 1797)
- Coenorhinus pauxillus ( Germar, 1824)
- Coenorhinus aequatus (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Rhynchites pubescens (Fabricius, 1775)
- Rhynchites coeruleus ( Degeer, 1775)
- Rhynchites cribripennis ( Desbrochers, 1868)
- Rhynchites cupreus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Rhynchites aethiops Bach, 1854
- Rhynchites auratus ( Scopoli, 1763)
- Rhynchites giganteus Krynicki, 1832
- Rhynchites bacchus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Rhynchites lenaeus Faust, 1891
- Mecorhis ungarica (Fall, 1784)
- Byctiscus betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Byctiscus populi (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Deporaus tristis (Fabricius, 1794)
- Deporaus semi niger Reitter, 1880
- Deporaus mannerheimi ( Hummel, 1823)
- Deporaus betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Non-European types (selection)
- Giraffe -necked weevil ( Giraffa Trachelophorus )
- Euops chinensis