Bachelor of Laws
Bachelor of Laws is an academic degree that can be acquired by a corresponding study of law. The abbreviation of this bachelor degree is LL.B., which stands for Legum Baccalaureus, where LL. the Latin abbreviation for the plural nature of "rights" is. These statements can be one - then consecutive - Master of Laws ( LL.M.) connect. Here this once original English academic degrees described the conclusion of a study of Roman law and English law (common law and equity). During the transfer to Germany the name was adopted uncritically. However, the plural is just as inappropriate as the plural of Jus: Jura in Germany, which goes back to the whole of canon law and secular law. In Switzerland, was chosen so far with the degree designation Bachelor of Law ( Law B ) a contemporary abbreviation.
Germany
The LL.B. can be purchased in Germany at some universities. However, he only opened not the way to legal training. Since only the second state exam the qualification for a judge is acquired ( as a prerequisite for access to the so-called regulated legal professions ), access to the classic legal professions judge, prosecutor, lawyer and notary remains closed. Currently preparing the Federal Association of corporate lawyers from colleges eV, however, a constitutional complaint before to achieve at least a partial opening of the market for legal services regarding business law correlations for lawyers without status of a fully qualified lawyers.
However, it is already on the current legal situation possible in proceedings without a lawyer before the local courts ( § 79 paragraph 2 sentence 2 and 3 ZPO), administrative courts ( § 67 paragraph 2 sentence 2 and 3 Code of Administrative Procedure ), labor courts (§ 11 para 2 sentences 2 and 3 ArbGG ), social justice ( § 73 para 2 sentence 2 and 3 occur SGG ) and before the tax courts ( § 62 para 2 and 3 FGO ). Due to the above provisions, see other authorities and legal persons of public law as well as companies the right to be represented by its duly authorized employees of court. The same applies to trade unions and social organizations who appoint as represented by its members their full-time employees with legal representation.
In this context and within the framework of the Legal Services Act are therefore also the LL.B. entitled to make classic and out of court legal work. This includes both legal advice and representation in court.
Bologna Process
The reason for the introduction of the LL.B. degree in Germany is the conclusion reached in Bologna in 1999 agreement between the EU Member States on the harmonization of university qualifications. One element of this agreement was the creation of consecutive courses of study, ie the introduction of Bachelor and Master degrees for all courses. In Germany, however, this resulted in legal sciences to conflict, because the legal education has traditionally been regulated by law and another, but also two-tier education system, the so-called fully qualified lawyer, exists. The logical consequence of the Bologna Declaration, it would have been true that in Germany the financial statements LL.B. and LL.M. be introduced, but so far refuse state and class representatives and want to get the best system of the unit lawyers. Thus, only discussions about a reform of legal education conducted and minor changes have been made in the meantime. The Bologna process therefore takes place in the field of legal education is very limited place.
" Mannheim Model "
Since the fall of the winter semester 2009, the University of Mannheim as the first public university in Germany a reformed curriculum of legal education in which first leads a Bachelor of Laws "full " state examination - the Bucerius Law School in Hamburg moves since 2000 that way. In Mannheim is a combination course in Sinnde JAPrO of the State of Baden -Wuerttemberg. The students perform first as part of the Bachelors complete the civil law, as well as the universitäte depth audit and business management skills in addition to the value of 1/3 of the Bachelor. At the end, students take part in the civil exams of the state exam. Thereafter, only the exams in public law and criminal law must be written. The possibility of " tiering " of the exam Are there reasons similar to those found in North Rhine -Westphalia and is the fact that the Mannheimer judges must learn both law and business administration in quick time. After the Bachelor they have in addition to training for qualified lawyers on the complementary studies for state examination and the ability to make a Master of Science degree in Business Administration. The Bachelor allows a doctorate in civil law, provided that the student was among the top 5% of his class.
Development
Launched by the colleges before the implementation of the Bologna reforms diploma course for business lawyers became the model for most later designed LL.B. degree programs in Germany.
The Ernst- Moritz- Arndt- University Greifswald had in the winter semester 2000/2001 as the first university a legal modularized program with a Bachelor of Laws introduced in Germany, which runs parallel could be purchased separately from the continuously offered state examination for or. The Bachelor of Laws is accredited by the ZEvA in Hanover in 2002. The accreditation was time-limited to five years and expired according to the Accreditation Council on 30 September 2007. A re-accreditation has not been requested by the University of Greifswald.
The Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Greifswald was closed in the summer semester 2010.
Instead, a University of Hagen, who created a second public university a legal course of study in accordance with the requirements of the Bologna process, this will continue to. As the majority of the offered in Germany six to achtsemestrig designed LL.B. degree programs are taught jurisprudential and economics content in it. To complete the law degree offered by the University of consecutive LL.M. degree program in which the public and criminal content alongside legal history and legal philosophy will be further deepened serves.
At the University of Hamburg was the possibility to obtain the degree Baccalaureus Juris. This variant of the LL.B. to obtain, was required to get for at least six semesters studying as part of a regular student at the First State Exam, completed some additional courses, wrote a bachelor 's thesis and the corresponding power points scored. After acquiring this degree was beyond the possibility for a further year to acquire the degree of Magister Juris. Meanwhile, the study of law at the University of Hamburg was reformed. The Baccalaureus Juris is no longer offered. It replaces a course of study for a Bachelor of Laws ( LL.B. ). The new degree can be taken in two different versions. Offered are the variants Finance and insurance with a focus on law ( LL.B. ) and labor and social management with emphasis Law ( LL.B. ). After completion of LL.B. you can also reach the higher degree of Master of Laws by a two-semester graduate course.
The University of Fulda offers since the winter semester 2007/2008 to a bachelor's degree in social law, which also leads to the Bachelor of Laws ( LL.B. ). Furthermore, the further study is in collaboration with the University of Kassel for LL.M. Social justice / social economy offered.
The HTWG Constance introduced in the winter semester 2010/2011 a bachelor's degree in business law with a Bachelor of Laws ( LL.B. ).
The University of Economics and Law Berlin offers a business law LL.B. and a degree program rights management ( LL.B. ), in which the foreclosure law is more prominent, since 2008 a generalist degree program law - jus ( LL.B. ) in which only the three legal areas of private law, public law and in six semesters criminal Law provides, without economics content.
Good Governance ( LL.B. ) offered, which also includes a generalist legal study of all three legal areas by an interdisciplinary freshman year - since 2010 at the University of Rostock the eight-semester degree program economy, society, law.
At some universities, like the Bucerius Law School in Hamburg, the University of Mannheim with the course in-house counsel / in LL.B. and the EBS University of Economics and Law in Wiesbaden, however, the LL.B. degree is a degree, which is awarded while studying on the way to the state exams ( which allow access to the traditional professions ) so that the path here to the classical fully qualified lawyers and a LL.B. can result.
The Darmstadt University has introduced a bachelor's degree in the field of Information Law with a Bachelor of Laws ( LL.B. ).
Leibniz Universität Hannover offers since the winter semester 2011 at the eight-semester Bachelor's degree in IT Law and Intellectual Property Law at the Institute for Legal computer science.
Assessment
It can be found that roughly three approaches for the construction of the LL.B. degree program in Germany are:
Some universities incorporate the award of the LL.B. in their traditional law school, where the question could arise whether this is really the Bologna requirements met, this LL.B. So indeed a stage at which an occupation may be recorded.
The majority of LL.B. mostly offered by technical colleges - and building upon LL.M. degree programs are effectively designed as an " interface studies " in which in addition to a majority jurisprudential share other, mostly economic content is taught. The focus of the jurisprudential share here is usually on economic or administrative content, which the Bologna requirements are met, already prepare with the first degree on specific fields of activity. So aspiring LL.B., the legal restrictions on extrajudicial and judicial legal services are mindful, as in tax, auditing, or receivership, or if desired specialization in public administration can already be used with usable knowledge.
Those universities that design their original LL.B. degree programs generalist, go a different way, by inculcating in all three areas of law without specialization. They are thus closer to the structure of the classic law school, if indeed the didactic mediation is another. In accordance with the Bologna Process the contents of modularized offered are not at the same depth, but with more attention should be taught to the acquisition of structural knowledge. The stronger extrinsic motivation by the higher number, binding, studying in parallel tests that are included in the final grade, forcing students to efficiently dealing with the subject matter, which prohibits sinking into the depths of the numerous schools of thought to detail problems in the bachelor program. But as it prohibits a grade inflation down, as in the traditional law school common practice, so that module exams include only the learned material in the syllabus and the evaluation maps the entire note range. Allegations of lack of scientific rigor and placement of critical thinking is countered by strengthening the legal foundation subjects. This bologna compliant legal education should therefore - the classic unit according to lawyers - graduates produce that can independently incorporated, with jurisprudential methodology in every field of law. That this therefore contrary to their specialist colleagues, " innately " not a unique selling point over their authorized unlimited legal advice colleagues bring qualified to hold judicial office, is obvious. Your study therefore appears mainly as a "blueprint" for an actual transformation of traditional legal education .. Interestingly enough, in the self-presentation of an international jurisprudential course at the Humboldt University in Berlin, which also leads to the state examination, admitted the study of German law was in six semesters to place, what the undergraduate requirements correspond.
As long as the traditional way to " fully qualified lawyers " of significant side confirms it remains at these graduates, their niches with specialized LL.B. to share, to qualify through a consecutive Master's degree in the areas of private sector, public administration and / or for an academic career further.
Study opportunities in the summer semester 2010
Universities
- University of Bielefeld ( here it is a law student, and acquired the title is, for technical reasons, however, BA)
- Technical University of Dresden ( LL.B. Law in Context)
- Friedrich- Alexander -University Erlangen -Nuremberg
- University of Hagen
- University of Hamburg ( from the winter semester 2013/2014 applicants are accepted no more, because this course is set )
- University of Kassel
- University of Lüneburg
- University of Mannheim
- University of Bremen, together with Carl-von- Ossietzky -Universität Oldenburg - Comparative and European Law - Hanse Law School ( subject Bachelor )
- University of Osnabrück
- University of Rostock
- University of Siegen ( LL.B. German and European Business Law )
- European University Viadrina Frankfurt ( Oder) ( German and Polish Law LL.B., LL.B. " law and economics " and LL.B. in German law )
- EBS University of Economics and Law Wiesbaden
Monofakultäre universities with doctoral and habilitation degrees
- Bucerius Law School
Colleges
- Pforzheim University
- HTWG Constance
- Fachhochschule Köln
- University of Aschaffenburg
- Fachhochschule Anhalt, Bernburg department (also LL.M. )
- University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen, Recklinghausen (also LL.M. )
- European Fernhochschule Hamburg
- HFH Hamburger Fern-Hochschule
- Technical College Wildau
- Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences ( also LL.M. )
- Fachhochschule Bielefeld
- Hochschule Darmstadt (also LL.M. )
- Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main (also LL.M. )
- Fachhochschule Mainz
- Hochschule Rhein Main ( formerly FH Wiesbaden ) (also LL.M. )
- FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics & Management (also LL.M. )
- Fachhochschule for public administration North Rhine -Westphalia
- Fachhochschule Osnabrück
- Fachhochschule Schmalkalden
- SRH Hochschule Heidelberg ( also LL.M. )
- Hochschule Fresenius at the sites Idstein & Cologne
- School of Public Administration and Finance Ludwigsburg
- Niederrhein University
- Hof University (also LL.M. )
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin
- University of Economics and Law Berlin (also LL.M. )
- Hochschule Wismar
- Hochschule Fulda - University of Applied Sciences
- School of Economics and the Environment Nürtingen
- Technical Academy of Wuppertal
- Technical University Wildau
- Fachhochschule Schmalkalden
- DIPLOMA - University of Applied Sciences North Hesse
- Rheinische Fachhochschule Köln
- University of Applied Sciences Paderborn
- Fachhochschule West Coast
- Environmental Campus Birkenfeld
- Hessian College of Police and Administration
Austria
At Austrian universities Bachelor for the jurisprudential study was only partially implemented. An implementation is planned, but is often rejected by the law schools.
The Vienna University of Economics and the Johannes Kepler University Linz, however, offer a bachelor's degree in business law at that also with the degree of LL.B. is completed. Also at the University of Salzburg, a Bachelor's degree law and business is now offered. It is in the above sense as " interface studies " with about 35 percent of business and national economic as well as about 50 percent of legal content and about 15 percent other key skills designed .. An equivalence to the regular, generalist Austrian law school with the training objective lawyer or judge, should not follow it. Rather educational goal seems to be like in business enterprises in the vast majority of German LL.B. degree programs that certain skills with strong legal implications.
The often negative attitude of law faculties in defiance has, after all, the President of the Austrian Chamber of Lawyers Tags principle pronounced in 2011 in favor of allowing holders of a bachelor for the bar exam, if you purchased it after successful completion of a four-year, generalist designed legal studies. When word taken after both the way would be paved for the bologna compliant legal education in Austrian law as well as for the design of future training of lawyers, which, similar to but in bachelor's and master phase divided German - Polish legal education at the European University Viadrina could take place in Frankfurt ( Oder), right in Austria and about a neighboring country and lead to the Austrian license to practice law. As a " double - training " it may appear justified, organize these in accordance consecutively, so that eventually a quasi promotionsbefähigender LL.M. could be as concluding a corresponding consecutive study program potentially an alternative condition for the bar exam. 'd Relative to Germany as of the authorization procedure in the Act on European lawyers in Germany ( EuRAG ) an additional possibility for admission to the bar without a German state exam opens. (Where the training will not accelerated as in the Austrian legal training a multi-year practical training period of the bar exam, later admitted to the bar in Germany preceded by several years of legal practice in Austria and again an entrance exam in Germany. )
Switzerland
The Foundation Distance Learning University Switzerland offers a bachelor's degree in law as well as the ZHAW ( Zurich University of Applied Sciences ) in business law. Likewise, the universities of Fribourg, Basel, Bern, Lucerne and Zurich have a lasting six semesters, introduced structured in modules bachelor's degree in law, but this conclusion is not abbreviated LL.B., but with B Law. Content includes the study according to the Hagen model the three basic areas of law civil, criminal and public law.