Bar (music)
The clock (from the Latin tactus, touch ',' shock ' ) refers to a grouping of certain musical note values with the same beat, most of which are identical to the basic beat.
The clock serves as a thought, basic framework for the actual music. By changing the note values , which coincide with the beats of the clock or do not follow them, then created the rhythms of a musical piece. The clock in European-style music is felt by regular stresses of basic pulse or beat. In the bar as the structure of the counting time is embedded as a time unit. The counting corresponds in most cases a pulsed or basic beat.
Time signature
The time signature is defined by how many pulse or ground strokes one denomination belong together. So the 4/4-time contains four basic strokes or beats in value per quarter note. The top number of the time signature so does the number of beats per measure, the bottom number represents the note value of each of these shots.
In addition, a clock is usually a metric structure, ie an emphasis on order assigned ( hence the name accent levels clock; therefore sometimes the words clock and meter are used interchangeably ). In the case of 4/4-Takts that would be for example:
Or even
Certain musical styles, such as the swing, however, use a backbeat emphasis, ie:
We distinguish:
- Simple time signatures (the basic clock styles ) - The counter of simple time signatures is a 2 or 3, in rare cases, a 1 (examples: 2/ 2, 2/ 4 or 3 /4, 3 /8). "Simple" because there is only one downbeat. There is no such time signatures minor stresses:
Thus they correspond to the two - or three-syllable metric poetry, where also every second or every third syllable is stressed.
- Compound time - Compound time signatures are a summary of several simple time signatures, that is, the counter can be used in an addition of twos and threes disassemble (example: 4/4, 6/4, 8/ 4, 4/ 8, 6 / 8, 8 /8, 9/8, as well as 5/4, 7/ 8, 12 /16). Due to the possible ambiguities in the lower limbs, the emphasis distribution ( metric ) is occasionally not from the time signature can be read (eg, 5 /8 = 2/8 3/8 or 3/ 8 2 /8).
Next are distinguished:
- Just signatures - the counter of the bar is straight ( examples: 2/ 2, 2/ 4, 4/ 4, 6/4, 6/ 8, etc. )
- Odd clock modes - the count of the clock is odd (for example: 3/8, 3/4, 5/8, 5/4, 7/8, etc.)
Used to be called three-piece triple time signatures. These were the only species of odd time signatures that have been used in classical music regularly, eg as 3/1-, 3/2-, 3/4-, 3/8-, 9/8- and 9 / 4 stroke.
Prelude
As a prelude is called the beginning of a musical phrase with one or more, usually unaccented notes before the first (usually stressed ) beat. In contrast, in the jazz prelude often emphasized more than the master clock. In classical times considered Jérôme -Joseph de Momigny (1762-1842) the prelude already as preferred element of phrasing by emphasizing it. The prelude is an incomplete bar, ie in the song are not the necessary basic strokes available. The launch complements together with the final stroke to a complete clock.
In songs of the opener is used to bring linguistic emphasis and the musical clock in harmony. Countless songs begin with a prelude, for example ( The first emphasis is underlined):
- The hiking is enjoyable ( Germany )
- Stous Pera, pera kambous (Greece )
- Alas, my love, you do me wrong (England)
- Petit papa noël (France)
In traditional European music ganztaktige pieces end ganztaktig; if necessary, supplemented with breaks before the first or after the last note. A auftaktiges piece follows this rule, but shortened the last bar to the length of the upbeat.
Notation
In musical notation, the individual clocks are defined by vertical bar lines.
The time signature is, however, written in the form of a fraction with numerator and denominator without fracture line (see picture for a 3/4-time ) and stands as a time signature at the beginning of a piece of music for key and sign. The denominator determines which note value corresponding to a beat. The counter indicates the number of beats per measure. Further, the spellings for the 4/4-time and for the 2/2-Takt ( alla breve ) are typical of the older mensural.
When time changes, the new time signature is written to the grading system; often a double bar is set for the additional clarification. If different time signatures used in an alternating or any order, so it is possible, even after the other to write down these signatures at the beginning of the grading system and not to display the time signature in the piece separately. The time signature changes very often, the clock may be omitted at the beginning of the system.
Often the bars of a piece of music are numbered in the score, either at the beginning of each system or after a fixed number of cycles (usually ten or five).
Music was recorded until the late 16th century without bar lines (see also: mensural notation ).
Conduct
When conducting the clock is displayed by beat patterns.
Historical Quotes:
"What is the clock? He's Arithmetic by a department Gewiese equality / hand down / and so again aufzuschlagen in the Höche or. "
" The Tact bestimmet the time in which different notes must be abgespielet ... The Tact is displayed will by canceling and depositing the hand ... "