Barrel vault

As a barrel vault is called a vault with two equally long parallel abutments.

Designations

In rundbogigem cross section one speaks of a cylindrical bin ', at spitzbogigem cross-section of one conical buoy '. A barrel vault is straight when it has a rectangular plan; it is wrong if he is a parallelogram or trapezoid -shaped.

If we imagine a barrel vault of two intersecting diagonals ( based on the floor plan ) divided are called the triangular segments of the abutments to the apex cheeks or Walme, the other two of the shields to the apex caps. The projected onto the soffit diagonals that separate cheeks and caps are called the Burr arch.

These segments are penetrating the building blocks for more complicated vault forms in which two or more " imaginary " vault. A barrel vault, which cuts a perpendicular main vault, forming a lunette in the cutting area.

History

In ancient times, the art of not complete rooms with a flat ceiling, but with a vault, well developed. In Rome, some outstanding examples have received, such as the Basilica of Maxentius. Religious places of worship as the ancient temples and the early Christian churches were not curved in the rule, but a flat ceiling. The Roman vaulting technique was developed further, especially in Thermenbauten.

With the conquest of Rome by the Germans, the knowledge of the curvature technique went from the 5th century in Western Europe gradually lost. Example of a tunnel vault of the early Middle Ages is the King's Hall of Santa María del Naranco in northern Spain (9th century). In general, however, the builders were no longer able to einzuwölben rooms. The beginnings of medieval vault building located in or bridge construction in the crypts. Metropolitan areas were usually not curved. This did not change until the turn of the millennium. First, you just threw out narrower and lower side aisles, the broad high Middle ships remained flat ceilings. The second church of the famous and influential Abbey of Cluny in the Burgundy in France was probably vaulted to 1000/1010 in the nave by a ton. This was one of the first - if not the first - church of its kind at the time, unknown spatial impression must have been enormous: the new technology was quickly taken up and imitated. Not twenty years later, in the Pyrenees, the monastery church of Saint -Martin- du- Canigou, in Switzerland, the church of the monastery Romainmôtier.

These first churches were still very narrow, because you had to first gain experience with the new curvature technique and wide spaces could not span. Quite a few of these attempts fell through, and several vaults collapsed - eg in Tournus in Burgundy at the Abbey Church of Saint Philibert. This one came in the wake of the original - perhaps taken from the bridge - idea to replace the collapsed vault as a chain and across the nave extending half tons.

Because up to that time built vault proved to be little sound, you quickly went to over to support the vault by brick arches - which, transverse arches ' ​​. Huge barrel vaults have the pilgrim road churches on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela, including the buildings of St Étienne de Nevers, St- Sernin de Toulouse, Sainte Foy in Conques, Notre -Dame du Port in Clermont- Ferrand and the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela itself

It turned out that instead of the previous semi-circular vault tonnes (, round tons ') ogival vault (, pointed barrel ') were more resilient. For the first time this was realized from 1088 in the third church of Cluny. The conical buoy became a typical feature of Burgundian Romanesque, such as Sacré- Cœur de Paray -le- Monial and Fontenay.

Cylindrical bin in the northern Spanish monastery ruins of Sant Pere de Rodes

Cylindrical bin in the vestibule of Saint Philibert in Tournus

Conical buoy in the Cathedral of Autun

Conical buoy in the monastery church of Fontenay

The next development was a groin vault and the ensuing cross-ribbed vault as the default form of the Gothic vault, which soon completely supplanted the barrel vault.

Only in the Renaissance there was a return to the church now considerably more strained tons of camber to achieve a grandiose spatial effect. Important examples include the Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua, the San Giorgio Maggiore church in Venice and especially St. Peter's Basilica, with its 27-meter -wide vault above the nave as well as the St. Michael's Church in Munich with a powerful, lying above the windows and side chapels continuous barrel vault.

The introduction of steel and concrete allowed the use of barrel vaults and similar structures in a wide variety of buildings. Some examples are the former Crystal Palace in London, Lehrterstraße station in Berlin, the lobby of the Imperial station in Potsdam and the main train station in Frankfurt am Main, and the barrel vault in the domed hall of the Federal Palace in Bern. Because of its monumental effect barrel vault in the Douaumont Ossuary and the Valley of the Fallen were built. As a modern hall built in the years 1965-1969 in Munich at the Friedenheimer bridge with flat circular segment arches former parcel post hall can be mentioned, which was with a span of 146.8 meters and a length of 124 meters, the largest self-supporting precast concrete hall in the world.