Bassia scoparia
Broom Radmelde ( Bassia scoparia )
Called The Broom Radmelde ( Bassia scoparia ), and broom herb or Sommerzypresse, is a flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). While it is estimated in several countries as an ornamental plant and versatile crop, it is true in some regions, however, as an environmentally harmful invasive plant.
- 5.1 ornamental plant
- 5.2 forage plant
- 5.3 Nahrungspflanze
- 5.4 Soil Protection
- 5.5 Medicinal plant and Phytochemistry
- 5.6 Further uses
- 7.1 Notes and references
Description
Vegetative characteristics
The Broom Radmelde grows as an annual herbaceous plant that reaches the plant height of about 30 to 150 cm (rarely 210 cm). You can root through a soil volume of 2.4 m to 4.9 m depth and diameter. The upright stems are densely branched with protruding - upright lateral branches, so that the plant in outline often acts conical. Depending on the growing area, the morphological characteristics are very variable. The stems are green or reddish, and usually covered with short downy. The alternate arranged leaves are sessile or narrowed at the base into a very short petiole. The leaf blade is usually at a length of 2 to 5.5 (rarely up to 8) cm and a width of 4-9 mm linear-elliptical and entire, with one to five protruding veins. On the bottom they are usually hairy pressed, on top of almost bare.
Inflorescence and flower
The inflorescences are composed of numerous lateral or terminal, somewhat compressed aged men part inflorescences. The flowers are single or in pairs to three in the axils of ascending - erect, linealischen, often long ciliated bracts.
The hermaphrodite flowers are very small with a diameter of only about 1.1 mm. You are bald or slightly ciliate at the base, or have at the base of a 2 mm long dense hair ring ( Bassia scoparia subsp. Densiflora ). The bloom are connected in the lower half of each other, their corners are bent inward. The color of the bloom can be green, white or pink. There are three to five stamens and an ovary with two with a length of 1.2 mm short scar present. Occasionally also occur purely female flowers.
The flowering period extends from July to October.
Fruit and seeds
At the time the fruit perianth wearing very short, herbaceous, wing-like appendages, which are not separated. The horizontal seeds remain enclosed by the perianth. The brown or black seeds having a diameter of about 1.1 mm, has an oval shape.
Chromosome number
The chromosome number is 2n = 18
Photosynthesis and leaf anatomy
The Broom Radmelde is a C4 plant. Your photosynthetic NADP - malic enzyme uses the. The anatomy of the leaves corresponds to the " kochioiden type", whereas the cotyledons have the original as applicable " atriplicoiden type" on.
Ecology
The Broom Radmelde is a light to germinate. It germinates early in the year, when the top inch of soil, frost and the soil temperature reaches 10 ° C. The seedlings tolerate light frost. As a result, this type exploit the limited soil moisture in arid regions. If the ground is wet enough to several times more seed germinate during the growing period. Even under drought stress, at high salinity or extreme pH levels in the soil can take place germination.
Newly formed seeds are capable of germinating immediately without resting phase. However, the Keimfähigigkeit takes off very rapidly: after one year the germination rate is only about five percent, after three years even only one percent.
Pollination of flowers is usually carried by the wind, sometimes by animals, mainly insects. Rarely comes from self- pollination.
To fruit maturity, the whole plant break off at the base and as " steppe Roller" ( Tumbleweed ) be blown away by the wind. As a result, their seeds are spread over greater distances. Seed production is highly variable depending on environmental conditions. When cultivated, well-fertilized plants from 2,000 to 30,000 seeds per plant can be formed. The proliferation of the Broom Radmelde is exclusively by seed, a vegetative propagation does not occur.
The seeds of the broom - Radmelde provide food for songbirds.
The whole plant is also eaten by deer.
Some insect species use the broom - Radmelde as food or host plant. The plants are characterized mostly only little affected.
The Broom Radmelde can be infected by the fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechsler. This type causes damage in the cultivation of sugar beet by letting the roots are black.
Occurrence
The original distribution of the Broom Radmelde is in Eastern Europe and Asia. Introduced in the nineteenth century as an ornamental plant, it has now also spread throughout Europe, Africa, the western and northern United States, Canada, and South America. In 1990 she was introduced to Australia, where, however, they shall be cut off by an intensive control program again. In Germany, this species is considered a naturalized neophyte.
The Broom Radmelde occurs in a wide climatic range, but it is particularly adapted to dry ( arid and semi-arid ) habitats, such as the prairie provinces of Canada and the Great Plains of the United States. You will also tolerate shallow soils and high salinity ( optional alkaline Halophyt ). Even on acid soils that contain aluminum or manganese, they can grow.
The Broom Radmelde grows in fields, on disturbed areas, in gardens, on roadsides or on the edge of ditches. In dry ( arid ) regions, it penetrates even in lückiges pastures and meadows. In Germany it is considered a thermophile species, here it grows in fields and short-lived weeds corridors, especially in association Sisymbrion.
System
The first publication of this kind took place in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, under the name Chenopodium L. scoparium in Species Plantarum, 1, pp. 221 Andrew John Scott, they set 1978 in Feddes Repertorium, 81 (2-3 ), pp. 108, under the name Bassia scoparia in the genus Bassia. Phylogenetic analyzes of Kadereit & Freitag 2011 confirmed this assignment.
Synonyms of Bassia scoparia (L.) AJScott are Chenopodium L. scoparium, Atriplex scoparia (L.) Crantz, Salsola scoparia (L.) M.Bieb, Bushiola scoparia (L.) Nieuw, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. , Kochia sieversiana ( Pall. ) CAMey. , Kochia scoparia var densiflora Moq. , Kochia densiflora auct. and kochia alata Bates.
Bassia scoparia belongs to Bassia / Camphorosma clade in the tribe Camphorosmeae within the subfamily Camphorosmoideae the family of Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). Previously, she was one of the Gänsefußgewächsen ( Chenopodiaceae ), these are now included in the fox tail plants.
In Germany come from Bassia scoparia two subspecies:
- Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott subsp. scoparia, the Common Broom Radmelde
- Bassia scoparia subsp. densiflora ( Turcz. ex BDJackson ) Ciruja & Velayos that Dichtblütige Broom Radmelde or Sommerzypresse
Use
Ornamental plant
In many countries the Broom Radmelde is rarely used as an ornamental plant in gardens. It is used as a leaf jewelry and design element in the perennial border and for designing small hedges. Because of their often dense conical habit it is also called Sommerzypresse. There are several horticultural varieties, such as the green ' Childsii ' and in autumn red coloring ' trichophylla '.
Forage plant
The Broom Radmelde is a feed plant for all livestock species, it can be grazed or fed as hay. The nutritional value of the immature plant is compared with that of alfalfa. The seeds have a high protein content and are therefore suitable as poultry feed.
On the other hand, this type also have a toxic effect and cause, for example Polioencephalomalacia light and allergies in cattle. If they are eaten in large quantities, it can even be fatal for cattle, sheep and horses. It contains a toxic effect saponins, alkaloids, oxalates and nitrates, increases the quantity particularly in times of drought and seed maturity. Therefore Bassia scoparia should not make up more than half of the livestock feed. To prevent poisoning, a direct grazing pure stands only in exchange with other surfaces or several months of grazing breaks is advisable.
The harvest for hay or silage should be done prior to seed maturity. With irrigation and fertilization four harvests per year are possible. The hay yields are depending on the region from 2.25 to 16 tonnes per hectare.
Food plant
In Japan, the seeds of Bassia scoparia (Japanese Hosagi ) are considered traditional delicacy ( Chimmi ). For the " Tomburi ", also called " country caviar " said supply the dried seeds are soaked for a day in cold water, then the outer shell is rubbed off and the seeds are cooked. In China, you eat the fresh fruit. Also, a flour made from the seeds is used. The young leaves are eaten cooked as a vegetable, but should not be consumed in large quantities because of their content of toxic saponins.
The seeds contain 20.4 to 27.5 % protein, 8.8 to 16 % fat and 3.4 to 9.4 % minerals. The dried leaves contain 21.5 % protein, 2.4% fat, 56.8 % carbohydrates, 19.7% fiber, and 19.2% minerals.
Soil protection
Bassia scoparia can be used as erosion control for rapid revegetation, for example, after the vegetation has been destroyed by fire. Contributes in their ability to survive on shallow, sandy, salty or alkaline soils, and also to drought or feeding to be tolerant by locusts. You can germinate throughout the growing season and quickly provides an effective ground cover. The plant cover of Bassia scoparia is replaced by usually more competitive, perennial grasses in the following years.
Bassia scoparia can be used for phytoremediation of polluted and contaminated soils. She takes off the ground reinforced chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and zinc, and accumulates them in their plant parts at ( hyperaccumulator ). It also accumulates the radioactive cesium -137 and uranium. It can also be used to remediate soils contaminated by hydrocarbons.
Medicinal plant and Phytochemistry
In Chinese and Korean folk medicine Bassia scoparia has been used as a remedy for skin diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, liver damage and jaundice.
At phytochemical studies ingredients were discovered in the seeds for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, bacterial infectious diseases are medically effective.
The seeds of Bassia scoparia contain one insect attractant ( pheromone ), which can be added mosquito pesticides.
Other uses
In many countries, brooms were made from the plant, for example in Italy, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Russia and China. Referred to by its German name Broom Radmelde.
In Northeast China, this type is used as nesting material for silkworms.
Invasive species
In a suitable climate, Bassia scoparia spreads out so much that they can displace natural vegetation. For this reason, it is true in some regions as environmentally harmful invasive plant. Likewise, they can grow as a " weed " the cultivated crops, whereby the income is declining sharply. Of these, the cultivation of sugar beet, potatoes, alfalfa and wheat has been particularly affected. Bassia scoparia also prevents the growth of other plants ( both of their own species and other species ) in their immediate environment by their roots excrete allelopathic substances.
In the U.S. Bassia scoparia was introduced in the second half of the 19th century as an ornamental plant and spread from 1880 to 1980 there very quickly. In Kansas, Nebraska, in the region of the Great Plains and the prairie provinces of Canada south Bassia scoparia is now one of the most common annual weeds. Several states (Connecticut, Ohio, Oregon, Washington ) classify this kind forbidden now considered a noxious weed and have the planting.
The fight with herbicides is often not successful because the chemicals are not fully come through the pubescence and waxes on the surface of the plant into effect. Most likely younger plants are affected. Some populations in the U.S., Canada and also in the Czech Republic proved to even be resistant to several common herbicides. This makes it difficult to control this type, if it has an area populated only once.
In Australia Bassia scoparia was introduced in 1990 as a forage crop and re- greening of salinized agricultural land. Through their efficient water consumption it grows here in warm areas with low rainfall. However, it became very quickly out of control and has been declared a weed in 1992 and set to the "Alarm list for environmentally noxious weeds ". An intensive eradication program it is to displace from Australia again. The importation and any planting is prohibited. Instructions for weed management management are published on the Internet, also is encouraged to report all instances of this type.
In Switzerland, the broom - Radmelde is performed on the "watch list of invasive alien plants " of the Commission for the Conservation of Wild Plants.