Cleridae

Common bees beetles ( Trichodes apiarius )

The checkered beetles ( Cleridae ) are a family of beetles, which is distributed worldwide in 200 genera with about 3,400 species. The distribution area is located in the tropics and subtropics. In Europe, nearly 70 species occur.

  • 4.1 subfamily Clerinae
  • 4.2 subfamily Korynetinae
  • 4.3 subfamily Tillinae
  • 5.1 Notes and references
  • 5.2 Literature

Features

Beetle

The beetles are 3 to 50 millimeters long. Their body is generally elongate and has a cylindrical cross-section. In some species the Tillinae and Hydnocerinae the animals are slender and elongated, with some kinds of Korynetinae the body is broadly oval, with some Clerinae he is flattened. He is usually hairy clear in some species also tufts of hair are formed. But shed always missing. Mostly, the wing covers ( elytra ) with regular punctuation, rarely irregularly dotted with some Korynetinae. The head is inclined not down. The Frontoclypealnaht can be configured or missing. The compound eyes are always indented front and either flat or protruding from the contour. Rarely, they are divided into two parts with ommatidia strikingly different size and color, such as in the genus Dieropsis. But you are never completely divided into two completely separate parts. The labrum is broadly oval and usually indented. The sensors are four-to elfgliedrig. They often have a distinctive tripartite lobe, but can also be feathered, cut, thread- shaped or with widened joints. The mandibles are usually asymmetric and always have a single, apical tooth. At the maxilla the Galea and lacinia are clearly developed. The Maxillarpalpen are four members.

The pronotum is inclined to elongate. It has often two tubercle and a median ridge which is tapered at the base. The indentations of the hips ( coxae ) are closed to wide open. Inside they are open. The pronotum and scutellum ( scutellum ) are well developed. The wing covers ( elytra ) have no noticeable grooves. Wings are usually trained, but some species are adapter, ie the membranous hind wings are entirely absent. The front hips are rounded or slightly oblique, the middle hips stand out in the rule and the rear hips have centered often a longitudinal furrow. The legs rings ( trochanter ) are triangular and elongated. The rails ( tibiae ) have no further thorns with the exception of two ungehakten thorns at the top, or the thorns are regressed. All three pairs of legs have five Tarsenglieder.

The abdomen has sometimes five, six most visible sternites. The first three are grown together. The ninth segment is rarely well developed, as in the case of the genus Brachyptevenus. Usually it is regressed acicular and is then called a spicule. In the males, the spicule is missing on the eighth sternite, it is designed with the females, however. The ovipositor is not sclerotized except Baculi ( two internal, clasp shaped sclerites ). He is the same length as the abdomen in some species, such as those of the genus Tenerus.

Larvae

The body of the larva is rather elongated and has a cylindrical or slightly flattened cross-section. Above all, the abdomen is sparsely hairy long, or sparse to dense short felted hairs ( pubescence ) covered, or nearly bald. The body is colored pink to whitish. Most parts are otherwise not pigmented, only the strongly sclerotized areas, such as the head capsule, the sclerites on Notum, the legs and the Urogomphi.

The head extends out of the body contours. The posterior margin is slightly emarginate. Usually five simple eyes ( stemmata ) on each side are present in a vertical 2 3 arrangement, they can also be regressed. The Frontoclypealnaht missing. The sensors are tripartite and have on average a member area with sensory hairs. The mandibles have a single terminal ( apical ) tooth and lack the Mola ( the widened Kaulade ), it lacks Mola and the tooth, or is it a more flexible extension of two spines formed ( lacinia mobilis ). The Maxillarpalpen are four members, the labial palps are bipartite. The prothorax bears above usually a single large sclerite, ventral side there are one to three. The meso-and metathorax usually have a pair of sclerites on the back and one or two, weak, pale on the ventral side. The legs are including the claw-like pretarsus, which carries a single bristle, five-membered. From top nine abdominal segments are visible. The tenth segment is not free, but is obscured by the ninth. The Urogomphi ( paired appendages on the abdomen end ) are well developed in the rule.

Way of life

Most species of checkered beetles are predators. Both the larvae as well as the imagos may occur in the same habitat, although their prey may differ. Arcufer From Callimerus is known for example that both the larvae and the imagoes feed on the larvae of burnet ( Zygaenidae ). In contrast, the larvae feed of Thanasimus formicarius by the larvae of bark beetles ( Scolytinae ), whereas the adult beetles feed on the bark beetle imagos. The larvae of the genus Trichodes develop in the nests of solitary bees and wasps living, or probably to eat locusts eggs. The Australian Art Zenithicola crassus specializes in termites. However, there are flowers that live on and eat the pollen, such as the closely related genera Elealeh from Australia and Epiclines and Calendyma from South America species. Beetles of the genus Trichodes feed on both predatory, as well as pollen.

Most Colorful beetle species hunt on exposed surfaces, or under the bark of stumps and in the branches of trees and shrubs. But there are also species such as the African genus Dozocolletus who live on the ground and their larvae live in leaf litter. Of the three species of the genus Necrobia is known that they feed saprophag. One can find both the larvae and the adult animals to old bones, oil seeds, but also in other habitats where they probably also eat the larvae of flies, beetles and other insects bacon next to the substrate.

The development of the larvae may take a year depending on the climatic conditions, but it may take three or more years. The animals go through three to six larval stages, with most species have five.

Taxonomy and systematics

The family is divided into the following four subfamilies:

  • Tillinae: about 600 species; mainly Äthiopis, Orientalis and Madagascar, but worldwide, with the exception of South America
  • Hydnocerinae: about 600 species; world, except Europe. Only a few species occur in the Palearctic.
  • Clerinae: about 1500 species; worldwide, with emphasis in the tropics, especially in Africa, Asia and Madagascar.
  • Korynetinae: about 700 species; worldwide, with a focus on Africa, Asia and Madagascar tropics.

For the classification of checkered beetles there were two approaches. One who divided the family into the subfamilies only Clerinae and Korynetinae, each with multiple tribes and the other, the difference several subfamilies. It has been shown that the originally non-ferrous beetles attributed subfamily Thaneroclerinae is more closely related to the Chaetosomatidae and Metaxinidae for which it is now regarded as a separate family Thanerocleridae. The other subfamilies Epiphloeinae, Tarsosteninae and Enopliinae were synonymized by Kolibáč (1997) with the subfamily Korynetinae, resulting in the above, current outline. The Korynetinae differ from the other subfamilies, except that the fourth Tarsenglied is retracted into the third. It seemed thus to be the sister group of the remaining three subfamilies. However, currently discussed approach is a polytomischer pedigree as follows: Tillinae, Hydnocerinae ( Hydnocerini, Lemidiini, Callimerini ) Clerinae, Korynetinae.

Species ( Europe)

Subfamily Clerinae

  • Allonyx quadrimaculatus ( Schaller, 1783)
  • Canariclerus paivae ( Wollaston, 1862)
  • Oak Thanasimus ( clergy mutillarius ) Fabricius, 1775
  • Opilo abeillei Korge, 1960
  • House Thanasimus ( Opilo domesticus) (Sturm, 1837)
  • Opilo mollis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Opilo pallidus ( Olivier, 1795)
  • Opilo taeniatus ( Klug, 1842)
  • Thanasimus femoral ( Zetterstedt, 1828)
  • Ants Thanasimus ( Thanasimus formicarius ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Trichodes affinis Chevrolat, 1843
  • Trichodes albanicus Winkler & Zirovnicky, 1980
  • Trichodes alvearius (Fabricius, 1792)
  • Trichodes ammios (Fabricius, 1787)
  • Common bees beetles ( Trichodes apiarius ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Trichodes crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1787)
  • Trichodes creticus Brodsky, 1982
  • Trichodes cyprius Reitter, 1893
  • Trichodes favarius ( Illiger, 1802)
  • Trichodes flavocinctus Spinola, 1844
  • Trichodes ganglbaueri Escherich, 1893
  • Trichodes graecus Winkler & Zirovnicky, 1980
  • Trichodes laminatus Chevrolat, 1843
  • Trichodes leucopsideus ( Olivier, 1795)
  • Trichodes longissimus ( Abeille, 1881)
  • Trichodes nobilis Klug, 1842
  • Trichodes octopunctatus (Fabricius, 1787)
  • Trichodes olivieri ( Chevrolat, 1843)
  • Trichodes punctatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1829
  • Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817
  • Trichodes similis Kraatz, 1894
  • Trichodes Sipylus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Trichodes suturalis Seidlitz, 1891
  • Trichodes umbellatarum ( Olivier, 1795)
  • Trichodes winkleri Zirovnicky, 1976
  • Trichodes zaharae Chevrolat, 1861

Subfamily Korynetinae

  • Dermestoides sanguinicollis (Fabricius, 1782 )
  • Enoplium doderoi Luigioni, 1926
  • Enoplium serraticorne ( Olivier, 1790)
  • Corynetinus fimetarius ( Wollaston, 1862)
  • Korynetes coeruleus ( De Geer, 1775)
  • Korynetes coxalis Reitter, 1894
  • Korynetes geniculatus Klug, 1842
  • Korynetes pusillus Klug, 1842
  • Korynetes ruficornis storm, 1837
  • Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Necrobia rufipes ( De Geer, 1775)
  • Necrobia violacea (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Necrobinus defunctorum ( Waltl, 1835)
  • Necrobinus laufferi Reitter, 1902
  • Opetiopalpus bicolor ( Laporte de Castelnau, 1836)
  • Opetiopalpus hybridus ( Baudi, 1873)
  • Opetiopalpus scutellaris ( Panzer, 1797)
  • Opetiopalpus wagneri Schenkling, 1926
  • Paratillus carus ( Newman, 1840)
  • Tarsostenus univittatus ( Rossi, 1792)

Subfamily Tillinae

  • Denops albofasciatus ( Charpentier, 1825)
  • Denops canariensis palm, 1978
  • Teloclerus compressicornis ( Klug, 1842)
  • Tilloidea notata ( Klug, 1842)
  • Tilloidea transversalis ( Charpentier, 1825)
  • Tilloidea unifasciata (Fabricius, 1787)
  • Wood checkered beetles ( Tillus elongatus ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Tillus flabellicornis Fairmaire, 1866
  • Tillus ibericus Bahillo de la Puebla, Lopez- Colon & Garcia- Paris, 2003
  • Tillus pallidipennis Bielz, 1850
  • Tillus pectinicornis Abeille, 1892

Documents

Polyphaga Labrum (arthropod mouthpart) Mandible (insect mouthpart) Scutellum (insect anatomy) Sclerotin Orthoptera
154341
de