Closed-ended question

As a questioning technique, the use of open and closed questions for targeted conversation is colloquially known.

  • 4.2.1 Reflective Questions
  • 4.2.2 ruling
  • 4.2.3 Alternatively, questions
  • 4.2.4 Paraphrase
  • 4.2.5 verbalization

Target

A question should be linguistically recognizable as such, because unrecognized issues have proven to be the main cause of missing answers. Here, the intonation ( intonation, pitch and course ) the most important means dar. are also important facial elements (lifting of the eyebrows ) and especially gestural expressions ( tilt or slight protrusion of the head, raising the arms, showing the palms of the hands ). In written questions this will substitute by using one or more ( Spanish) reached question mark. Equally important, the use of question words are (who, how, what, where, when, why, why, why) and the syntax ( in German about a question is in the main clause by position of the predicate before the subject marked: I can - I can? ).

The goal of the applied technique of questioning is to begin an interview or a dialogue or to deepen and, if necessary, to direct the Opposite this rhetorically. With the skillful selection of the form of a question, the questioner determines the degree of influence (more or less directive communication). An interview guide, which although uses the technique of questioning, but no alterations intended, is known in market research as well as in the therapeutic range as nondirektive conversation, even if it does not use the interview technique, but other strategies. Your opposite is the manipulative questioning technique in the sales pitch and the demagogy.

Levels

Important for the process of questioning technique are the following areas: reflection, discussion, character, action, opportunity, availability, subject, property, position, view, nature, interest, technology, relationship, character, responsibility, origin, direction, destination, driving, obstacles, processes and deviation.

The clarification of these elements is the focus of the questioning technique. After the thesis Who asks is leading, the questioner is trying to obtain information by applying different questioning techniques in combination and in some cases change with each other. After the thesis asks Who wins, questions basically serve to gain information. This is widely recognized in modern linguistics, although recent work of Hilbert and Glen, Fried pursue other approaches regardless of Wittgenstein. Here, according to the thesis who asks, says a separate treatment of issues in relation to other sentences refused.

Questioning techniques

In psychological counseling and talk therapy four questioning techniques can be distinguished:

  • Linear Questions ( serve the questioner for orientation )
  • Circular questions ( formulated in the subjunctive and relate to the environment of the respondents ), eg, "What would X say if you asked him .... "
  • Strategic Questions ( used for influencing the respondents and already contain a desired answer )
  • Reflexive questions ( invite the respondents to the intellectual experimentation and are formulated in the subjunctive )

All questioning techniques can be formulated in either open or closed.

Question Categories

Formally, open and closed questions can be distinguished. These two question categories combine all in the language possible question forms together according to their degree of influence.

Open Questions

Open questions allow a wide range of answers. We learn the wishes and opinions of the interlocutor. However, it is initially up to a certain point the conversation initiative to the partner from. In general, open-ended questions encourage the relationship between the interlocutors. In so-called frequent speakers questions, however, are used with caution. Open questions are especially suitable at the beginning of a conversation. Examples:

  • Whose idea ... was to try it this way?
  • Who ... had you informed on the most revealing with respect to X?
  • Who ... you can find sympathetic?
  • Who ... you can trust?
  • How many famous people are ... you encounter in the outside department? Similar: How many times / how often ... a week you go shopping?
  • How long ... you were employed at your previous employer?
  • How far will you go ...?
  • How ... do you envision your work?
  • What ... ideas and wishes do you have?
  • What ... you want to achieve?
  • When ... to start?
  • Why / Wessenthalben / Why / Why / For what / ... on what account you have to leave your desk?
  • For whose cause ... you settle this matter?
  • Why / What ( question of the purpose / intention of ) ... You are an hour earlier than usual come?
  • What ( question of preference / favoring ) ... Interested? or ... you have decided on your vacation?
  • What ( question of the meaning ) ... You hold me? or ... is this word in German?
  • What ... You gladden you?
  • Where ... you feel uncomfortable?
  • What ... can I be you help?
  • Where ... were you during the holidays?
  • Where ... did you want to go before I was staying?
  • Whence comes this melody ...?
  • What ... are different offers?
  • What ... is this product for?
  • What ... You want to talk with your boss?
  • And what did ... I have to look for when I want to find the entry?
  • What ... you have set?
  • Against what ... would you protest most likely?
  • What ... exactly is on the job offer?
  • Between what ... just like you can not decide then?
  • What ... lust you?
  • What ... did you hear about my presence?
  • What ... you can live decently?
  • What are ... you have the most scruples?
  • To what extent ... They have recently felt by X confirmed?
  • To what extent ... you were able to identify with your previous work?

Here, get dimensions of the open conversation such as empathy, appreciation and focus is of outstanding importance for the success of the survey. As a counterpart of this question we find the closed question.

Open wh-questions in practice

Wh-questions are questions that begin with a W - word, so with a question word whose first letter is W.

The six basic questions of a journalist are the questions whose answers form the basis of any research. There is also the seventh W, the question of the origin of the source.

In the logical order of their answer they are:

  • What happened?
  • Who is involved?
  • Where did it happen?
  • When did it happen?
  • How did it happen?
  • Why did it happen?

Also for the recording of accident rescue services, police and fire departments are open wh-questions to determine the current issues of central importance. Therefore, any accident report should at least answer the following four questions, and especially note the last point:

  • Where did it happen?
  • What happened?
  • How many are injured?
  • What type of injury / damage are present?
  • Wait for questions!

First you should always be called the place so well then help can be sent if the call should be interrupted. Well remember also leaves the following sentence: Who, when, where who harmed; why was like what is done?

Closed questions

With closed questions, the response options are specified (eg yes / no / do not know) or defined by either the question itself, or by the explicit mention of the available answers. This question form is applicable in marketing and in research ( eg, polling ). The opposite of closed question is the open question.

Reflective questions

With reflective questions are questions with which one tries to avoid misunderstandings, such as: " The house has already been sold, say"

Ruling

→ Main article: ruling

After an earlier definition are regarded as closed questions only -no questions, ie questions to which the other person can respond with either yes or no.

Some examples of closed-ended questions that allow a rule only with yes or no (or perhaps, etc.) can be answered or only a very specific answer:

  • "Have you now already planned something for the evening? "
  • " Let us look then at the reception? "
  • " Can I pick you up? "
  • "Is it you by 19 clock right? "
  • " Is it too late? "
  • " Are all participants appeared? "

Alternatively, questions

Alternatively question as the combination of two (or more infrequently ) is referred choices. You can, but does not connect grammatically complete ruling; mutatis mutandis, however, ruling be combined in any case.

An alternative question allows the respondent only the option of using one of the options offered (but not yes or no ) answer.

Truncated forms:

  • Shall we ride a bike or take the bus? ( stands for: Should we ride a bike Or should we take the bus to say, for example: ? bike / former or by bus / the latter )
  • Would you go to the theater or to a concert? ( stands for: Do you want to go to the theater or do you want to go to the concert to say, for example: ? go to the theater or to a concert )

Connection of two complete ruling:

  • Do you now or have you no pleasure? (Answer eg: I would like or I do not have ( like ) )
  • If the last film by Humphrey Bogart appeared in his lifetime, or came only later in the cinemas? (Answer eg: during his lifetime / He is currently in his lifetime or later )

If none of the choices apply, the question is colloquially often answered with neither, while the highly linguistically correct expression is neither the one nor the other. According to the colloquial response in the case of both true choice is both highly linguistically both the one and the other. Finally, the choice is different, usually said by this time the correct or in some cases the one, in other cases the other. With these various possibilities engaged the answer technology.

Paraphrasing

A more extensive form of closed question is the so-called paraphrasing, in which the message is shortened reproduced on the factual content in their own words. The aim is to examine the understanding and, optionally, to add the contents or corrected. Example: Did I understand you correctly, that it all came down to you to now be able to produce as quickly as possible and therefore the appointment is to be postponed?

Verbalization

The verbalization is playing the emotional content of a message or a call. The aim is to examine the emotional understanding and possibly reduce inflammatory feelings. Example: So you're afraid of being excluded from your circle of friends, if you change yourself?

Question forms

Questions that are named after their destination or internal reference, can not be conclusively categorize. In addition to a variety of potential candidate targets and the relative popularity of one form or another determines their reputation within the rhetoric.

Question formulation / Wording

Questions should, where possible, a factual and transparent communication is desired, be formulated so that the addressee can answer them easily. This applies particularly to general population surveys:

  • Use of simple, clear terms as possible
  • Adequate short formulations, simple sentence structure
  • Concrete rather than abstract and hypothetical questions
  • Simple instead of double stimuli, no double negatives
  • No insinuations and leading questions
  • Questions that can be answered: knowledge, will, effort, understanding the question, question must be true to the respondents
  • Clear time reference
  • Exhaustive and disjoint questions
  • No confounding question context
  • Clear definition of unclear terms
Marketing research Subjunctive mood Survey methodology Journalism Rhetorical question Thesis statement Suggestive question Disjoint sets
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