Copaifera

Copaifera spec.

Copaifera is a plant genus in the subfamily of carob plants ( Caesalpinioideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ). Their original home is the Neotropics and Africa. Some species are grown in frost- free areas as ornamental or useful plants. Some species are endangered by deforestation.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Copaifera species grow as trees or shrubs. Often simple, unbranched hairs ( trichomes ) are present.

The leaves are alternate and distichous or spirally arranged on the branches ( phyllotaxis ). The composite leaves are paired or unpaired pinnate with few or many leaflets. The alternate to opposite on the rachis arranged leaflets each have a strong, continuous side nerve and its stem can be significantly rotated. There are often Sekretionshöhlen in the leaves and prismische Epidermalkristalle available. The stomata are paracytisch. There are at most very subtle or early falling stipules present.

Generative features

The flowers are usually arranged in two rows in branched or simple racemose or paniculate inflorescences. The hermaphrodite, only slightly zygomorphic flowers are not fünfzählig and do not exhibit the typical shape of the butterfly flower, so unlike most taxa of the family. The support and cover sheets are no longer available when you open the flowers. The small, free bracts not envelop the flower buds. There are four green to yellow or white, kronblattartige, intergrown at most at their base sepals present, enveloping the other parts of the flower in knospigen stage. Rarely one to four highly reduced petals are available. The discus is striking. There are usually ten, rarely less than ten or up to thirteen stamens present. All stamens are fertile and they can all be the same or significantly different be long. The only carpel contains few ovules.

The base chromosome number is n = 12; 2n = 24

Systematics and distribution

They are native to the Neotropics and tropical and southern Africa. Today, individual species are planted in many areas of the world. The frequently planted species are not in the CITES list, so they are not protected. Some other species are endangered.

The genus belongs to the tribe Copaifera Detarieae in the subfamily of carob plants ( Caesalpinioideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ).

The valid botanical name Copaifera was published in 1762 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda, 1, 557. Synonyms for Copaifera L. are: Copaiba million and Copaiva Jacq, . the valid name Copaifera L. was in Vienna ICBN Art 14.4 & App. III before the older, synonymous today, set name. Type species is Copaifera officinalis ( Jacq. ) L., who had published Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1760 as copaiba officinalis in Enumeratio systematica plantarum, 21, of the Willem Piso and Georg Marggraf but had already in 1648 published in Historia Naturalis Brasiliae an illustration and description.

There are about 25 to 43 Copaifera species:

  • Copaifera aromatica Dwyer
  • Copaifera baumiana Harms
  • Copaifera bracteata Benth.
  • Copaifera brasiliensis Dwyer
  • Copaifera bulbotricha Rizz. & Heringer
  • Copaifera canime Harms
  • Copaifera cearensis Ducke
  • Copaifera chodatiana ( Hassler ) J.Leonard
  • Copaifera coriacea Martius
  • Copaifera depilis Dwyer
  • Copaifera duckei Dwyer
  • Copaifera elliptica Martius
  • Copaifera epunctata Amshoff
  • Copaifera glycycarpa Ducke
  • Copaifera guyanensis Desf.
  • Copaifera gynohirsuta Dwyer
  • Copaifera jacquiniana G.Don
  • Copaifera jacquinii Desf.
  • Copaifera jussieui Hayne
  • Copaifera laevis Dwyer
  • Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.
  • Copaifera lucens Dwyer
  • Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms
  • Copaifera magnifolia Dwyer
  • Copaifera majorina Dwyer
  • Copaifera malmei Harms
  • Copaifera marginata Benth.
  • Copaifera martii Hayne
  • Copaifera mildbraedii Harms
  • Copaifera multijuga Hayne
  • Copaifera nana Rizz.
  • Copaifera oblongifolia Martius
  • Copaifera officinalis L.
  • Copaifera panamensis ( Britton & Rose) Standley
  • Copaifera paupera ( Herzog) Dwyer
  • Copaifera piresii Ducke
  • Copaifera pubiflora Benth.
  • Copaifera religiosa J.Leonard
  • Copaifera reticulata Ducke
  • Copaifera salikounda Heckel
  • Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne
  • Copaifera utilissima J.Saldanha
  • Copaifera venezuelana Harms & Pittier

For some authors the Asian Art Pseudosindora palustris Sym. also been classified, but usually forms as the only way the genre Pseudosindora Sym ..

Use

Copaifera langsdorfii is versatile. The light wood is usually burned. From the wood oil can be extracted, which is a mixture of terpenes and can be a raw material for biodiesel.

Copaiba is obtained from various Copaifera species, mainly from the following species: Copaifera officinalis L., Copaifera guianensis, Copaifera coriacea and Copaifera langsdorffii. There are two types: "Para" from Brazil, which is thin and clear, " Maracaibo " of the West Indies and adjacent areas on the mainland, which is thick and golden. It was and is used in folk medicine. Pharmaceutical tests were carried out.

Swell

  • L. Watson and MJ Dallwitz: The Genera of Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae and Swartzieae: Copaifera at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • John Uri Lloyd: The History of the Vegetable Drugs of the USP, 1911: Copaifera officinalis: PDF Online. (Section Description, usage and systematics of the genus )
  • Data sheet to " Copaiba " Raintree Nutrition. ( See Using and description)
Rosids Aril Georg Marcgrave Antilles Agricultural Research Service
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