Creole language

Creole languages ​​are languages ​​that have arisen in a language contact situation from several languages ​​, often goes back a large part of the vocabulary of the new language to one of the contact languages ​​involved. After the process of creolization is then especially the grammar, often the sound system of the new languages ​​from those of the languages ​​involved clearly distinguishable. In some cases, a Creole language developed by a process of language development to a default language. In contrast to the pidgin - creole languages ​​are mother tongues.

• 4.1 substratum theory
• 4.2 simplification
• 4.3 Bioprogramm
• 4.4 Monogenic emergence
• 4.5 polygenetic origin
• 4.6 mixed languages

Definition

The word has different origins. The Latin meaning of creole languages ​​is on the Latin creare ' produce, ( he ) create, beget, give birth ' back. The meaning of the Spanish word criollo is ' indigenous, aboriginal '. There is a designation in terms of people and languages ​​in the former colonial countries in the Americas, Africa, the Indian Ocean islands and in Oceania, who mixed with appropriate colonial masters or more languages. Creole languages ​​are languages ​​that are not only used for communication purposes, but also the expressive and integrative functions of a speech community needs. For a better understanding often the pidgin languages ​​are compared with the creoles. However, both are very difficult distinguishable from each other. Both Pidgin and Creole languages ​​can be mother tongues loudly Knörr. However, there are representatives of the opinion that this is precisely not the case. Annegret Bollee for example, explains that only Creole mother tongue can be. But she points out, proceed sociolinguistically in the definition. "Language External factors [ ... ] are at the Creole languages ​​of particular importance because the otherness of these languages ​​can be justified solely sociolinguistically. " Creoles are nativisierte pidgins and each nativisierte Pidgin is a Creole.

General features

" All Creoles have certain common features that make them and appear similar to each other different from their superstrate languages ​​, not every feature comes in all Creoles before in exactly the same form, although there are a number of phenomena which are very typical. " Draw place in the phonology, morphosyntax of the general, the verbal system and the lexicon. These are, for example, SVO word order, the preverbal marker of negation, tense and mood, and serial verb constructions. Creole languages ​​" [ also] have a regular and simple grammar and a fixed word order avoid all somewhat difficult sound combinations [ and ] promote the Zweisilbigkeit " ( Schuchardt (1903 ) 1922, p 318)

Specific history of the Spanish -based Creoles

" Creoles are the most Kreolisten opinion from, based languages ​​' emerged and can not be typologically, but only sociolinguistically define. " " Creoles to Portuguese, English, French or Dutch foundation are a product of European expansion in the 17th and 18th centuries. " the spanish -based creole languages ​​have been created due to the interaction of certain socio-cultural factors in geographically widely separated areas in part.

Bozal Spanish

In Chocó, Chota Valley, Veracruz, Peru and Venezuela. After Mc Whorter the history of the Spanish -based Creoles is traceable to West Africa. As part of the colonization of slaves were transported from West Africa by the Spaniards in the new colonies in Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Spaniards left the blacks as domestic help and work as slaves for them. The Bozal - Spanish was mainly used in Cuba. The language of the negros bozales was called Habla Bozal and hired a Creole is on Cuban territory, which was based on Spanish. " What this is saying Suggests did bozal Spanish what Merely a transient second- language register of Spanish, something we would expect of African -born learners ." Nevertheless, the statement that bozal Spanish is a Spanish Creole, not be kept. Rather is here a case of linguistic variety.

Colombia ( Chocó )

In the Chocó region lived in 1778 about 5,828 black slaves, but only 175 White .. Their numbers increased steadily over the years until the relationship between Europeans and blacks was almost balanced. The slaves who were forced to settle in the colonies, found themselves in a strange situation to them. They were confronted with each other, individual African cultures and the culture of colonial Europeans. " [ ... ] The Spanish began importing massive numbers of West Africans who spoke a wide variety of languages ​​into the Pacific lowlands of northwestern Colombia to work Their mines. This context Shortly Became one Which, accor ding to the limited access model what a canonical breeding ground for a contact language of extreme structural reduction " ( McWhorter, German: ". , The Spaniards began a large number of West Africans with a wide range of languages ​​into Pacific lowland Northwest Colombia to import to work in the mines. context This quickly became one of which was the limited access to this model corresponding to a canonical breeding ground for a contact language extreme structural reduction " )

The contact between the two populations was relatively distant. Neither group was linguistically homogeneous, they were different because they came from different regions. The enforced by spatial distance ethno-cultural alienation was a need for new roots, for one, corresponding to the new situation, sense of belonging, arise. Due to the contact between the two populations, the slaves had at least initially good access to white settlers. The socio-economic importance of this language they motivated to learn them quickly, because on the basis of linguistic diversity within the slave groups served to language acquisition and of their internal communication.

Example:

" Esa gente muy amoroso som. Dijen que ... dijeron que sí ... volbían cuando le de su gana a ello Vobe. "

"That people COP very nice. They- say thatthey - say- PAST thatthey -return- IMP yes When to give -them Their desire to return them. "

"Those people are really nice. They say that ... They Said thatthey would come back ... whenthey felt like it. "

The acronym COP, PAST, and IMP are grammatical indicators. COP indicates that there must " be " are a form of a copula verb like. PAST is a past tense of a verb and IMP for the use of a verb in the past tense.

Ecuador ( Chota Valley)

The black Africans were brought since the 17th century there to work as slaves for the Jesuits and Mercedarians on haciendas (mainly sugar cane plantations) and in mines or salt pans. Sugar cane was soon grown to an ever greater extent and generated profits in the colony grew. More and more slaves were imported from Africa for the operation of labor-intensive monoculture, so that the process of creolization began and accelerated continuously soon. Since creole languages ​​arose as products of colonization and thus the domination of whites over blacks, they are described by some today as relics of the slave society.

Mexico (Veracruz )

In the 15th century one could find also afromexikanische communities in Veracruz. The slaves were also brought here mainly to work on sugar cane plantations.

Peru

The largest black settlement was Peru. Especially in the field slaves African language structures have been largely maintained. It existed on the linguistic level a continuum, where on one side thereof, a Creole language with a distinctive African imprint, on the other a Spanish dialect with low African embossing is located. "Spanish, predictably, but blacks born in Peru simply spoke the local dialect of Spanish. "

Venezuela

The same applies to the culture. It sprung up everywhere Kreolkulturen, in which the various individual cultural backgrounds of the colonial European cultural elements were integrated. In some areas, such as in Venezuela African elements were preserved rather than in the other. "Venezuela is home to a vibrant, Consciously Afro - Venezuelan culture of folklore, music and dance, heritage of the heavy importation of Africans to work mines and plantations. "

Papiamento and Palenquero

In fact, it speaks in Papiamentu and Spanish -based creole languages ​​of Palenquero, although this is no uniform agreement among experts. They are spoken on the ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao ). Basis of both languages ​​is the Negro - Portuguese mixed with Spanish. So you could probably speak more of Ibero-Romance -based Creoles. Also Dutch vocabulary is part of the lexicon of both. It is not only a diachronic but also a synchronic term, thus refers to socio- historical observations and structural- linguistic.

Formation theories

Although there are various theories of creole genesis, several Kreolisten some consensus on the following: " If a pidgin language accepted by a community as a first language and thus the mother tongue of a younger generation, it is called [ ... ] Creole. "

Substratum theory

Typically relate their lexicon creoles mainly on the language whose speakers are dominant in some way (usually the colonial powers ). This will become the Lexifier or superstrate, and thus forms the basis of the Creole language. The counterpart is the language will be covered by the basic grammatical structures - the substrate. This theory frequently mixed in with others in where it is represented by a larger number of scientists this area. So it is possible that the terms substrate and superstrate are provided and are not considered as an independent theory, but part of others.

Simplification

This would be facilitated mean that the immigrants were trying to communicate with the locals. To this end, they reduced their own language in vocabulary and grammar, so that the locals could understand them better. So the language from outside is the base language. This form corresponds to the simplification theory. The core of the communication between the two parties consisted of commands. Commands that were trying to make the immigrant colonizers locals understandable. Thus, there was no deeper interest to convey their own language in all its complexity. Errors that crept were not repaired, but maintained in another language. This method is similar to the Baby Talk. The way how to talk to each other is similar to the manner of communication with young children. To the lack of interest in language teaching on the one hand " comes [ on the other ] the possible rejection of the correct learning of the new language from the awareness out to preserve their own identity or even to consider their own language and culture as valuable. "

Bioprogramm

Derek Bickerton has developed pidgins and creoles along the natural border. Creole languages ​​are learned, according to Bickerton of children as their mother tongue. They resort to a kind of ' Bioprogramm ' back. According to Bickerton, a man has an innate language program that further develops the imperfect language independently. Children who are learning a language can use an inner universal grammar that is innate to anyone recognize regularities and also form new words. "All the structure -changing operations on the language system are placed in a [ specific ... ] period of growth ." The native language is acquired in their natural structures and is then reproduced only in always the same shape. In adulthood, one could simply not learn languages ​​as properly as in childhood. The results are more or less " in deficit, as could be seen in the restricted grammar structures of Pidgin ".

Monogenic emergence

The monogenetic theory is based on the emergence of all pidgins and creoles from a common origin. The theory states that there similarities between Spanish -based creole languages ​​in the Philippines and Indo- Portuguese of source from a Portuguese pidgin - could be attributed - a trade language similar to " Sabir ", the lingua franca in the Mediterranean. However, well known, refer creoles their vocabulary not only of Portuguese, but from different (mainly European) languages. This fact was explained that the Portuguese proto- pidgin in the course of colonial history in which repeated many colonies changed their nationality, was relexifiziert. This can be well seen in Papiamento example of what is often cited as proof of the possibility of Relexifizierung. Papiamentu has a mixed Spanish- Portuguese -based vocabulary, where it is assumed that he was originally Portuguese, and Spanish was relexifiziert over time.

Polygenetic origin

It assumes that pidgins and creoles are developed independently from each. So there is no common origin. Schuchardt was of the assumption that creole languages ​​arose out of necessity due to intentional creation of European colonialists. The defeated people tried to take on more bad than good European language, whether on a voluntary or forced basis. For Schuchardt, however, all spoken languages ​​in the territory concerned are involved in different ways in the development of creole languages ​​. The concept of " independent parallel development " (Robert A. Hall ) represents that same processes produce similar results at different starting points.

Mixed languages

Late 18th and early 19th century, it was assumed that the Romance languages ​​are mixed languages. "Only the gradual enforcement of the historical- comparative method meant that the process of language change was seen as a systematic, inner process of language. " But the theory of linguistic mixture remained. One of the representatives was Hugo Schuchardt. According to his theory, there is no dominant language of a subordinate language ( Creole ) is mainly a finding. Creole languages ​​relate in substance not Indo -European languages, but their grammar would be determined by each various indigenous language. " For Schuchardt [ is ] the effect of the mixture of languages ​​not in [ ... ] that grammatical form forming elements will be transferred one -to-one language to the other, but that large differences [ ... ] formation [en ] takes place [ s ] ."

The acceptance of the Creole as language

With all the difficulties of definition and the definition of an important aspect is not to lose sight of. The fact that creoles can be designated as language actually also is no absolute agreement among philologists. In a run of Ursula Reutner interview with Annegret Bollee this deals with the controversial issue. It postulates their opinion the example of their work in the Seychelles.