Cultural Institutions Studies

Cultural management is the planning, organizing, leading and controlling of cultural organizations and projects. Cultural management is on the application of business administration amounts to a cultural industry: It takes into account cultural anthropology, cultural sociological and artistic aspects. In Austria, cultural management is referred to as culture management science. Regardless of commercial or non-profit objectives of the respective culture industry is to ensure that used financial, human and material resources are optimally used the cultural management. In public and private law - profit context, it is also the task of the cultural management to create the framework for cultural activities.

Definitions

• Werner Heinrichs and Armin Klein define cultural management as follows:

• Georg Schreyögg explains the term as follows:

Concept of culture

A uniform definition of culture is based on neither the culture nor the culture operation management. In practice, for cultural managers of the narrow concept of culture ( " Culture as Art" ) are relevant. This includes the fine arts, with its four different expressions fine arts, performing arts, music and literature. From these cultural management refers often its contents.

The extended concept of culture is relevant to the cultural management especially under the aspect of " culture as education." This understanding of culture has led to a wealth of educational institutions (eg libraries, community colleges ) and cultural institutions (eg museums, theaters ) whose content clamping width is very wide, as evidenced for example in the various museum types. In exceptional cases, it may be in the content as much as natural objects, which were not produced by humans (eg, the objects in a natural history museum ).

Task of cultural management

Cultural managers allow arts and culture, but they do not create a rule itself bring the culture to the audience or the audience to the culture, that is, there are exchanges between artists and consumers made ​​. For this purpose, serves the cultural management of a business marketing, on the one hand to analyze the situation in which an offer is made, and on the other hand be able to use marketing tools to position a bid. Cultural management is done not only in economic contexts, but also respect the cultural, legal, administrative, financial and political conditions.

Cultural Management in profit and commercial culture operation

Tend the cultural management concentrated in the production of cultural goods and services in the nonprofit cultural sector rather on the high culture in the commercial culture and creative industries more on popular culture - but the boundaries are blurred.

Both the cultural management for non-profit as well as the culture for commercial establishments subject to the economic principle of cost minimization and utility maximization. However, it is against the background of different target orientations instead: Is this in the cultural industry primarily in the profit or maximization, as it is in the non-profit sector, especially in the possible optimal and efficient fulfillment of a public cultural order or a derived objective or other nonprofit goals. Thus, while in commercial enterprises, the product is more or less adapted to the wishes of customers, itself it does in the nonprofit cultural sector, the resulting draws its legitimacy. In practice, however, an economic success is also sought in non-profit cultural organizations. From this arises a conflict, which refers to the intersection of two value systems, economic and artistic (ie non- economic) evaluation. Since the objectives are not identical, their balance is proving particularly in times of financial crisis difficult.

The cultural management in the nonprofit cultural sector and the authorities (eg municipalities, county ) comes in addition to the task (especially politically ) to refer to the configuration of the environment impact and to enable a production of art and culture. By selecting artists and works, the cultural management has an influence on the culture that finds its way to the audience. Conversely, the cultural managers in the public cultural sector also prevents culture, namely that he does not provide. It carries with it special responsibilities with regard to the guarantee of artistic freedom (Art. 5 § 3 of the Basic Law ).

Study

Cultural management is not a traditional scientific discipline but an interdisciplinary and cross-section oriented study course, stands for the so far no uniform theoretical foundation available. Corresponding differences in the cultural management and cultural management related courses at the various universities. It is becoming apparent that there will be no unified culture management theory, but a certain pluralism of theoretical approaches in the context of reference disciplines will persist. As an independent study course is offered by the various universities with a Bachelor's Degree, Master's or diploma. Among the topics include, inter alia, cultural marketing, cultural policy, cultural funding (including fundraising and sponsorship), accounting, management theory ( including project management, self-management and event management ), public relations, culture Legal, Human Resources and Culture Economy / Culture Economics. Depending on the university, different priorities are set.

1976, the first university course in arts management in the German-speaking countries was established at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna. During the 1980s, the need, inter alia, of free carriers of projects, institutions and organizations in the cultural sector spread, for greater professionalization.

End of the 1980s (1988 ), there was at the Academy Remscheid already a forerunner of today's cultural management training ( " cultural advisor "). From 1989 AFG was first (now SGB) training " Social and Cultural Management " funded by the employment office, which was eV established in para- SOL in Regensburg and is still carried out as a certified training ( AZWV ) AZWV that in European and eastern European region is crosslinked.

Created and developed curriculum from the free culture scene management culture was then taken as a course of study at numerous universities and colleges.

Leading to university education were the University of Music and Theatre in Hamburg, the 1987 study module einrichtete since 2000 and is home to the Institute for Cultural and Media Management Hamburg, and the Institute for Cultural Management at the University of Education Ludwigsburg and the first at the University of Music "Hanns Eisler" in Berlin and now domiciled at the Free University Berlin Institute for Cultural and Media Management with the Master's program in Arts and Media Administration. With the establishment of the Institute for Cultural Policy and establishment of Germany 's first and to date only Professor of Cultural Policy Cultural management was institutionalized along with cultural mediation in the courses Cultural Studies and aesthetic practice and cultural education at the University of Hildesheim. Since 2001, the University of Applied Arts Vienna with the master program for Arts and Cultural Management "Art & Economy " on a purely economic goals ( marketing and management) structured range of arts and cultural sector to. At the Institute for Cultural Management of the University of Hagen the study could be completed by 2008. Since 2008 the Mönchengladbach site offers the Hochschule Niederrhein in a master's degree in arts management / cultural education.

As an alternative to university education, private educational institutions have been established, such as the Institute for Languages ​​and Business in Freiburg, which offers a practical, internationally oriented cultural management training since 1997 and the off-theater nrw, whose training is also practical. In Switzerland, cultural management was first offered in 1999 by Stapferhaus Lenzburg. A year later, the Zurich University of Applied Sciences ( Fachhochschule ) and the University of Basel with an executive master's program. In Austria offers the IKM in Vienna and the ICCM - International Centre for Culture and Management in Salzburg since the mid 90s also a worldwide network of training at.

Career Options

The professional field of cultural management is related to the cultural sector, cultural industries and cultural policy.

Depending on the degree and focus the graduates of the cultural management (or a comparable him ) can work in different areas of management positions in cultural institutions, activities in marketing, public relations, administration and in the dissemination of culture. Employers are often the public cultural institutions (eg city, state, and state theaters, museums, orchestras, socio-cultural centers), government authorities (for example culture offices), the private law - profit cultural institutions (eg foundations, associations ) and commercial companies in the cultural industries (eg in the fields of the art market, book market, film industry, music industry ).

As a cultural manager only employees should understand to positions where in fact control operations are carried out in the division of labor processes, that is, where some management tasks are performed. The Occupation Culture Manager is neither legally protected nor introduced by the state.

As one of the world's first cultural manager applies the Hamburg-born Dorothea Schneider- Lindemann. She organized 1907-1960 for a variety artists and researchers lecture tours and marketed their research results and experiences.