Dual-use technology

Dual-use (including dual use, english dual-use; translated something like: dual use ) is an English borrowed term that is used mainly in the export control and the basic usability of an asset (eg a machine, but also software and technology features ) to both civilian and military purposes. The military purpose also includes all goods in, " which can be used for both non -explosive uses and for any form of assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. "

Colloquially described the FAZ " dual use " as " research, which is operated for the benefit of mankind, which can lead to disaster in the wrong hands. "

  • 4.1 Switzerland

Dual- use item

The international Wassenaar Arrangement regularly revised list dual-use goods placed (so-called dual -use goods ), ie the goods (including software and technology), which have been indeed made ​​primarily for civilian use, but due to their properties (eg, material properties or performance ) for military purposes (see above) can be used. This worked out by the Wassenaar Arrangement list of dual -use goods is accepted or national lists in international (Europe). The national lists are partially complemented by national entries.

All goods (including software and technology), the national in the ( inter) goods on lists are subject to the export control of the country, ie an export of a listed material needs, apart from a few exceptions, the approval of the competent authority. The relevant approval authorities reserve the right to prohibit the export of dual -use goods, in cases of ambiguous use of the goods to be exported. For example, the export of high-speed centrifuge systems that can be found in medicine and pharmacology application on the one hand, on the other hand can also be used to enrich uranium for nuclear bomb production (see Iran's nuclear program ) by the competent authority be prohibited if the approval process, the exclusively civilian use is not satisfactorily determined.

In Germany, the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA, the former Federal Office for commercial export ) in Eschborn / Taunus is responsible for the issuing of export licenses.

All internationally regulated ( originating from the Wassenaar Arrangement) Dual -use goods listed in Annex I to Regulation (EC ) No 428 /2009 ( Dual - Use Regulation ). Germany has implemented this Appendix I, extended to a number of national positions, with the B section of the Export List (Annex to the Foreign Trade Regulations, AWV ) into German law.

Switzerland has signed the Wassenaar Arrangement and regulated state control measures in the " Federal Law on the control of civil and military -Use Goods and of Specific Military Goods ( Goods Control Act, GKG ) ". The responsible authority is within the Federal Department of Economic Affairs (DEA ), the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs ( SECO) with the Directorate of Foreign Trade.

In the U.S., the dual -use goods listed in the Commerce Control List, is part of the Export Administration Regulations ( EAR).

Coding

Each dual-use goods is done with a unique number - letter - number combination into the lists. In Germany, this coding is referred to as export list number (AL- number) and in the U.S. Export Control Classification Number ( ECCN ). This is the first number of this encoding for the export -Controlled Dual -use items assigned category:

  • 0 Nuclear Materials, Facilities, and Equipment
  • 1 Materials, Chemicals, Microorganisms and Toxins
  • 2 Materials Processing
  • 3 Electronics
  • 4 computers
  • 5 Telecommunications and Information Security
  • 6 Sensors and Lasers
  • 7 avionics and navigation
  • 8 Marine and Ship Technology
  • 9 propulsion systems, space vehicles and related equipment

Each category in turn is divided into five classes, that is characterized by a letter:

  • A systems, equipment and components
  • B Test, Inspection and Production Equipment
  • C Materials and Materials
  • D data processing programs (software)
  • D Technology

The following three figures ( the identifier ) are made up of the bottom of the control (first number ) and a serial number. Goods with an identifier in the range 901-999 indicate national restrictions, ie these items are not listed in the international freight lists.

Export#Barriers International Traffic in Arms Regulations Integrated Authority File
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