Dysphania (plant)

Wormseed - Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania anthelmintica )

The glands goose feet ( Dysphania ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). They are found worldwide from the tropics and subtropics to the warm temperate zones.

5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The glands goose feet are annuals or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants. Their surface is covered with stalked or sessile glands hair, making the plant an aromatic ( some found unpleasant) give off odor. Sometimes a hair with uniseriate multicellular trichomes - is present, rarely verkahlen the plants. The upright, ascending or prostrate stem is usually branched.

The change-constant leaves are usually stalked ( in some species the upper leaves are sessile ). Your leaf blade is linear, lanceolate, ovate or elliptical, often lobed fiederartig, with wedge-shaped or truncated base and ganzrandigem, dentate or serrated leaf edge.

Inflorescence and flower

In terminal, loose, simple or compound translucent aged men inflorescences are zymöse part inflorescences or dense axillary inflorescences knäuelige part. Bracts absent or reduced.

The flowers are hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual ). The perianth consists of one to five tepals, which are usually connected only at the base, are in some species, but grow into a sac-like structure. There are a present to five stamens. On the superior ovaries are one to three threadlike scars.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit is often enclosed by the perianth. The membranous pericarp is the horizontal or vertical, spherical or lens- shaped seeds more or less loosely. The red-brown or black seed coat is smooth or wrinkled. The ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped embryo surrounds the abundant, floury endosperm.

Chromosome number

As chromosome number 2n = 16, 18, 32, 36 and 48 indicated.

Photosynthetic

The glands goose feet are C3 plants with normal leaf anatomy.

Occurrence

The Drüsengänsefuß species are distributed worldwide from the tropics and subtropics to the warm temperate zones. In Europe, they come naturally, before archaeophyte or naturalized. Just to the north they are missing or only occasionally as adventitious.

In Germany and Austria four species occur:

Mexican Drüsengänsefuß, Epazote ( Dysphania ambrosioides )
Sticky Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania botrys )
Australian Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania pumilio )
Schrader Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania schraderiana )

System

According to phylogenetic studies, the genus Dysphania to Tribus Dysphanieae belongs in the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the family of Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ) and appears to be more closely related to the genera Suckleya and Cycloloma.

The first publication of the genus Dysphania took place in 1810 by Robert Brown. The type species is Dysphania littoralis R.Br.. Dysphania The genus name comes from the Greek word dysphanis, meaning unclear, and probably refers to the inconspicuous flowers.

The genus Dysphania initially covered only seven to ten species in Australia. At times these were regarded even as his own family Dysphaniaceae Pax & Hoffmann assigned or even completely different families ( Illecebraceae and Caryophyllaceae ). Mosyakin & Clemants extended 2002, the genus to the glandular- haired species of goosefoot ( Chenopodium subgenus Ambrosia AJScott ). Other synonyms for Dysphania R.Br. are Neobotrydium Moldenke and Roubieva Moq.

Worldwide belong to the genus Dysphania five sections with about 42 species:

Dysphania sect. Adenois ( Moq. ) Mosyakin & Clemants: with about 15 species in South and Central America native, now spread almost world from the tropics to warm temperate regions: Mexican Drüsengänsefuß, Epazote ( Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides L.): These highly polymorphic species is native to North and South America and is naturalized also spread to other continents.
Dysphania andicola ( Phil.) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Ambrina andicola Phil, Chenopodium ambrosioides var andicola ( Phil.) Aellen )
Wormseed - Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania anthelmintica (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: anthelminticum Chenopodium L., Chenopodium ambrosioides var anthelminticum (L.) A. Gray ): native to North America and the Caribbean, this species is cultivated or naturalized also before in other continents.
Dysphania burkartii ( Aellen ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( syn.. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. subsp burkartii Aellen, Chenopodium burkartii ( Aellen ) Vorosch. )
Dysphania chilensis ( Schrad. ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( syn.. Chenopodium chilense Schrad, Chenopodium ambrosioides var chilense ( Schrad. ) Spegazzini; Chenopodium ambrosioides var vagans ( Standley ) JTHowell ): located in Argentina and Chile.
Dysphania dunosa ( LESimón ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium dunosum LESimón )
Schlitzblättriger Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: multifidum Chenopodium L., Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq, Teloxys multifida (L.) WAWeber. ): This species is native to South America and as an introduced species widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions.
Dysphania oblanceolata ( Speg. ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var oblanceolatum Speg, Chenopodium oblanceolatum ( Speg. ) Giusti. )
Dysphania retusa (. Juss. ex Moq ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( syn.. Chenopodium retusum Juss ex Moq. )
Dysphania sooana ( Aellen ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium sooanum Aellen )
Dysphania tomentosa ( Thouars ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium tomentosum Thouars )
Dysphania venturii ( Aellen ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( syn.. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. subsp venturii Aellen, Chenopodium venturii ( Aellen ) Cabrera )

Dysphania sect. Botryoides subsect. Botrys ( Aellen & Ilyin ) Mosyakin & Clemants: with about nine species with global distribution, native to southern North America, northern South America, southern Eurasia and Africa. Sticky Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: botrys Chenopodium L.): Its distribution area includes Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, the temperate regions of Asia to the Chinese province of Xinjiang. Naturalized or cultivated, it occurs also in other temperate regions.
Dysphania nepalensis ( Colla ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium nepalense Colla ) in Central Asia
Dysphania pseudo multiflora ( Murr ) Verloove & Lambinon ( Syn: Chenopodium foetidum Schrad subsp pseudomultiflorum Murr. . ): Native to South Africa.
Schrader Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania schraderiana ( Schult. ) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn Chenopodium schraderianum Schult. )

Dysphania dissecta ( Moq. ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( syn.. Ambrina dissecta Moq, Chenopodium dissectum ( Moq. ) Standley )
Fragrant Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania graveolens ( Willd.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: Chenopodium graveolens Willd, Chenopodium incisum Poiret, Teloxys graveolens ( Willd.) WAWeber. ): It is native to North and South America, introduced it also comes in other continents.
Dysphania mandonii ( S.Watson ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Teloxys mandonii S.Watson, Chenopodium mandonii ( S.Watson ) Aellen )

Dysphania glandulosa Paul G.Wilson
Dysphania kalpari Paul G.Wilson
Dysphania littoralis R.Br.
Dysphania plantaginella F.Muell.
Dysphania platycarpa Paul G.Wilson
Dysphania sphaerosperma Paul G.Wilson
Dysphania valida Paul G.Wilson

Gekielter Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania carinata ( R.Br. ) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: Chenopodium carinatum R.Br. ): It is native to Australia and naturalized in other continents.
Comb Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania cristata ( F.Muell ) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn. Blitum cristatum F.Muell, Chenopodium cristatum ( F.Muell ) F.Muell. .. ): It is native to Australia and grows also introduced in other continents.
Dysphania melanocarpa ( JMBlack ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium carinatum R.Br. var melanocarpum JMBlack, Chenopodium melanocarpum ( JMBlack ) JMBlack )
Australian Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania pumilio ( R.Br. ) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn: Chenopodium pumilio R.Br., Teloxys pumilio ( R.Br. ) WAWeber ): It is native to Australia and grows naturalized in other continents.
Dysphania pusilla Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium pusillum Hook f. )
Dysphania saxatilis (Paul G.Wilson ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium saxatile PGWilson )
Dysphania truncata (Paul G.Wilson ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium truncatum PGWilson )

Argentine Drüsengänsefuß ( Dysphania bonariensis ( Hook.f. ) Mosyakin & Clemants, Syn. Roubieva bonariensis Hook f, Chenopodium haumanii Ulbr. )
Dysphania microcarpa ( Phil.) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Roubieva microcarpa Phil.)

Dysphania congolana ( Hauman ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium glaucum L. var congolanum Hauman, Chenopodium congolanum ( Hauman ) Brenan ), in Africa.
Dysphania minuata ( Aellen ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium minuatum Aellen )
Dysphania stellata ( Standley ) Mosyakin & Clemants ( Syn: Chenopodium stellate S.Watson ): This type is characterized by six to eight bloom.

Is no longer included in this genus Teloxys aristata (L.) Moq. (Syn. Dysphania aristata (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, aristatum Chenopodium L.), the. According to phylogenetic studies of Fuentes et al (2011) is separated as a distinct genus Teloxys.

Use

Mexican Drüsengänsefuß or Epazote ( Dysphania ambrosioides ) is a most common medicinal plants and tea plant. Even as an insecticide against lice and bugs it is applied.

Some Dysphania species are used as dye plants use.

Ovary (botany) C3 carbon fixation Agricultural Research Service

248562