Electricity retailing

The price of electricity, the charges for the supply of electrical energy. It is composed of the prices for electricity, grid usage, as well as duties, levies and taxes.

For households, the current price was 2012 in Germany on average 26.4 cents / kWh, according to the European Statistical Office ( Eurostat) - the German industry association " Federal Association of Energy and Water " ( BDEW) is called a value of 25.89 ct / kWh ( see below). For industrial consumers, the price of electricity kWh was 2012 in Germany on average 14.9 ct / at a consumption between 20 and 500 MWh / yr (excluding VAT ) or 11.6 ct / kWh for a consumption 2000-20000 MWh / a ( without VAT ) according to the European statistical Office ( Eurostat).

2.1 Overview
2.2 Recording method and terms
2.3 Details of the electricity price comparison in the euro zone

6.1 structure of electricity tariffs
6.2 primary care
6.3 Contracts for households
6.4 Commercial price
6.5 Special contracts

7.1 single household
7.2 special contract customer

8.1 See also
8.2 External links
8.3 Literature
8.4 Notes and references

Electricity price in Germany

Components of the electricity price

The current price is made up of several components. For the year 2014 the following composition applies: 23.86 % Power generation and distribution, 23.17 % network costs, 21.71 % EEG surcharge, VAT 15.97%, 7.13% electricity tax, 6.33% concession fee and CHP, offshore, § 19 levy and the levy for interruptible loads ( ABLA ).

Power generation

Power producers (electricity supply companies (" utilities " ) and others) produce electricity in power plants and for several decades by means of wind turbines ( WT ) and photovoltaic systems.

These investments have fixed costs and variable costs; ex post can determine the generator, how much it cost him power generation ( cost accounting, balance sheet). He, like every other producer imputed margins.

The prices received by a power plant operator for its power, are largely determined at power exchanges. The producer price for electricity produced in Germany renewable energy ( generated, for example, in Germany wind power ) is set in the EEG (Renewable Energy Act ).

At the European Energy Exchange ( EEX) ( in Leipzig) electricity from Germany, France and Austria is traded; Electricity from five Nordic countries in the Nord Pool market. Spain and Portugal, the Czech Republic, Slovakia have a stock exchange; as Hungary, Italy and Slovenia.

In early October 2013, the EU Commission EU Member States submitted the proposal to create a single European electricity market (see also Internal Market) by the end of 2015.

The current price includes the cost of CO2 emission rights and the profit of the generator.

Wholesale prices for electricity form at the power exchange after the market mechanism ( in the electricity market merit order indicated): Starting with the lowest marginal costs ( nuclear and lignite plants ), so long power plants with higher marginal costs switched (coal and gas power plants ) until the demand is covered. At the current stock market determines the final bid, which still receives a supplement, the price of electricity ( market clearing price). The market price of electricity is thus determined by the most expensive power plant, which is still needed to meet the current demand. Cheap power plants benefit both the producers about the difference between cost and market price benefit ( producer surplus ) and the consumer via the displacement of more expensive power plants ( consumer surplus ).

At the current exchange EEX and EPEX SPOT Although only a portion of the short and long term traded in Germany electricity is traded - the price but is also used for off-exchange transactions ( OTC ) as a reference and basis for pricing. The power is traded in different flow and transit times on the power exchange. On the spot market, the need for the next day is traded with block products that reflect the load profile with base load, peak load and single hour contracts. On the futures market, the longer- term supply contracts with maturities traded up to several years.

Occurrence is more frequent in Germany, but also in other European countries, on the electricity exchanges on negative electricity prices. So that means that for the supply of electric power not from the buyer but the seller is paid. Power is technically impossible to store, but must be taken immediately. Cause of negative electricity prices is that some power plants ( especially so-called must- run power plants ) have negative short-term marginal costs due to high purchase and shut down costs and low variable costs. This means that power plant operators, the cost to deliver electricity at negative prices to turn off a power plant with the cost and restart it later compare. In addition to the annex of fluctuating renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, the low control flexibility central lignite and nuclear power plants is responsible for the occurrence of negative electricity prices. Despite negative market electricity prices were walking lignite power plants continue with a duty cycle of up to 73%, at low prices with up to 83 %. An occupancy rate of 42 % recorded was never reached. Nuclear power plants were run at times negative rates of up to 96% of installed capacity. The minimum load factor was 49%. In the first half of 2013 there were 36 hours with negative stock market electricity prices; the number of hours with negative electricity prices increased by about 50 % over the first half of 2012. In the course of the debate on life extension of German nuclear power plants (which the Cabinet Merkel II and the end of 2010 the German Bundestag decided ) and the debate over a nuclear phase-out in Germany (since March 2011 = the Fukushima nuclear disaster ) was explained by NPP operators that nuclear power plants - also pressurized water reactors - suitable for a load following mode. A published in January 2011 study commissioned by Greenpeace points to risks and limitations.

Network usage

Forms the legal basis for the state-regulated charge for the transport and distribution of energy by transmission system operators and distribution system operators, the local electricity network charges Regulation ( Power Generation ). It has replaced the previous private-law association agreement for electricity from mid-2005. She has since been supplemented by the Incentive Regulation Ordinance ( ARegV ), which entered into force on November 7, 2007.

According to the Federal Network Agency the power usage charge for residential customers in 2010 was in primary care about 6 cents / kWh and thus about 25 % of the electricity price, and this corresponds to a reduction of over 20% since 2006. For industrial customers who are connected to higher voltage levels, the proportion of the grid utilization charge is much lower.

Due to the expansion of network charges perks ( § 19 of the current network access regulation) from the autumn of 2011 large consumers were clearly relieved of network charges. The discharge volume increases from 805 million euros in 2013 to 1.1 to 1.2 billion euros in 2014. The relief made here will be circulated to households and small businesses (so-called "§ 19 levy ").

Duties and levies

The government-specified fees and levies on electricity supplies in Germany make to household customers in currently ( May 2013) a total of about 34% of the electricity price, and are broken down as follows (in chronological order of their introduction ):

The registration charge was introduced as consideration for the granting of rights of way in the municipalities. These regulations date back to the Energy Act 1935, which amended several times in between, but was retained in this regulatory area. The revenues are a major source of funding for local authorities.
The EEG apportionment has been introduced with the Renewable Energy Sources Act ( EEG) in 2000. It compensates for the difference between the price of electricity from conventional and renewable sources of energy. Your height is determined annually by the difference between expense ( payments to EEG feed-in and associated costs), and revenues ( sale of the EEG power ). Because of their redistributive effects and especially due to the fact that energy-intensive companies are largely freed with her 1 GWh / year increasing power consumption of the EEG apportionment, the EEG apportionment is frequently the subject of political debate. Moreover, their calculation is problematic as the difference between the market price of electricity and legal fees, since the stock market price of electricity with increasing feed-in of renewable energy decreases due to the merit-order effect, so that the difference imputed costs rise despite unchanged effective cost burden.
The CHP levy has been introduced with the Combined Heat and Power Act ( CHP ) in 2002. The law is the promotion of electricity from plants with combined heat and power.
The levy pursuant to § 19 para 2 StromNEV (electricity network charges Regulation ) has been introduced in 2012 to compensate for network tariff exemptions electricity-intensive companies.
The offshore liability apportionment under § 17f Energy Act ( Energy Act ) was introduced in 2013 to cover compensation costs that may arise to the transmission system on land or by prolonged power interruptions caused by delayed connection of offshore wind farms.
The charge for interruptible loads according to § 18 AbLaV (Ordinance on agreements to be switched off loads) is introduced in 2014. The called by the TSOs ' Abla surcharge "mutualisation is used to cover costs interruptible loads to maintain network and system security.

These charges on the electricity supply in 2013 as estimated by the BDEW for the concession fee at € 2.15 billion, for the EEG surcharge of € 20.36 billion, for the CHP allocation at € 0.41 billion, for the § 19 - levy at € 0.81 billion, and for the offshore allocation at € 0.85 billion lie (figures excluding accrued VAT for domestic customers ).

Also be subject to the fees for network use of government regulation.

Taxation

Among the taxes on electricity supplies are in Germany:

The current control ( " eco-tax " ) to promote climate policy objectives as well as to lower and stabilize the pension contribution rate in 2013 with a volume of approx. € 7 billion.
The VAT is levied on the supply of electricity and to all levies and fees. 2011 VAT revenue of around were from the sale of electricity. € 12.4 billion achieved.

In addition, taxes on the consumption of certain primary energy sources are collected, such as the fuel tax at nuclear power plants, where from 2011 to 2016 new fuel assemblies are installed.

Price of electricity for households

The development of the electricity price for households with three people and an average power consumption of 3500 kWh / year is shown in the following table from 1998, according to the Federal Association of Energy and Water Industries ( BDEW). The average electricity price for households is therefore 1998-2013 from 17.11 to 28.73 cents / kWh increased. This represents an increase of about 68% and an average of 3.5 % per year.

As the cost groups of production, transportation and distribution costs followed by the various levies and taxes are shown in the table, which make up the gross price of electricity. The production, transportation and distribution costs have fallen as a result of market liberalization in the years around the turn of the millennium, increased again in the following years. The CHP and EEG surcharge to cover the additional costs of electricity generation from cogeneration or renewable energy. The apportionment under § 19 StromNEV covers the additional costs for network tariff exemptions. With the offshore liability apportionment under § 17f of the Energy Act, consumers accept to a large extent compensation cost that may arise to the transmission system on land or by prolonged power interruptions caused by delayed connection of offshore wind farms.

Minus the general price increase since 1998 would be the price of electricity in 2011 to about 21 % above the current price of 1998. Corresponding to an average annual price increase of 1.6 % over the general price increase.

Average electricity price for a 3 -person household in Germany with an annual consumption of 3500 kWh

1998-2012, nominal Source: data from the table above. § 19 levy not shown until 2011 = 0, 2012 = 0.15 ct / kWh.

The expenditure of households made 2012 the costs for electricity purchases 2.4% ( see table ).

Price of electricity for industrial consumers

The average price of electricity for industrial and commercial customers was 2012 in Germany, according to the Statistical Office of the European Union, Eurostat short, at 11.6 cents / kWh (decrease from 20 to 500 MWh per year) and 10.5 ct / kWh ( decrease from 2,000 to 20,000 MWh / yr ). Included are the duties and taxes on product prices are not circulated. The VAT is not included because they can generally be expected in the course of deductions against.

The trend since 2004 is shown in the adjacent diagram. The evaluations have been fundamentally changed by Eurostat after 2007: Since then, the data are presented in groups that are marked with the span of the power consumption ( for example, 20 to 500 MWh / yr ); previously carried out the marking on the basis of the mean ( for example, 10,000 MWh / yr ).

Since mid-2008 until the end of 2012, the average electricity prices for industry ( industrial customers ) have increased by about 1 percent. In comparison, in private households ( residential customers ), electricity prices rose by 35 percent. For the private kWh the average price rose by 7 cents / kWh to 27 cents / in 2012. During the industry, however kWh increased the price since 2008 only by 0.1 ct / kWh to 10.1 cents / in 2012. Among the reasons include various exemptions from taxes, duties and fees, which add up in 2014 to over 16.2 billion euros.

Electricity price in the political debate

In the discussion about the current prices, the strong price increase in recent years is often in the foreground, is often referred to as the cause of the promotion of renewable energy through the Renewable Energy Sources Act ( EEG). The related EEG apportionment currently accounts for 14.2% of the electricity price. The price increases have in recent years also in production, transportation and distribution costs as well as in the current tax and VAT yield ( see table and graph Average electricity price for a 3 -person household in Germany ). On the other hand, renewable energies lead to a price-reducing effect on the energy exchange through the merit-order effect as above. According to a study by the Fraunhofer ISI led power from renewable sources in 2010 to a loss of the current market price by more than 0.5 ct / kWh, which corresponds to a total relief in the amount of approximately 2.8 billion euros. Since electricity-intensive industries are exempted from the EEG surcharge, but benefit from the sinking stock market price of electricity, they pull on balance the economic benefits from the energy turnaround. Electricity prices for industry in 2011 were therefore below the level of the previous four years.

In the political discussion, numerous voices spoke up:

The Commission of Experts to the monitoring report of the federal government made in 2012 that: " The increase in the cost of electricity was in the aggregated view for the period up to and including 2011 are not as dramatic as the public often shown. The share of expenditure on electricity at the nominal gross domestic product of 2.5% in 2011 to the level of 1991. "
The German Industry and Commerce ( DIHK) published in November 2012 a 40-page " research paper electricity prices in Germany ".
A survey by TNS Emnid of German Watch determined in January 2013 that more than two -thirds of Germans are willing to accept higher energy prices if they serve the energy turnaround.
The Institute expects for 2014 declining household electricity prices despite increasing computational EEG apportionment. Reasons are the merit-order effect and related declining stock market electricity prices and low CO2 prices in emissions trading. " The results show that only the views of the EEG apportionment is not sufficient to answer the crucial question: How does the promotion of renewable energies on the cost of power ," said the institute. The sum of market price of electricity and EEG apportionment according to his fancy analyzes a much better indicator for the evaluation of the current price trend. The passing of this falling system costs to customers legally itself as one of the essential but largely ignored political challenges.
The German Renewable Energy Federation noted that the increased costs of promoting renewable energy to a large extent are not attributable to the direct production costs, but the expanded exemptions for the industry, the fall in the share current prices ( whereby the difference to the nominal production costs to lose more ) and by the new market premium and the liquidity reserve. Representatives of the renewable energy industry also argued with reference to the price-dampening effect of renewable energy on the electricity market, renewable energy would increase electricity prices not much, especially not for the industry. Net will be significantly relieved the industry through the merit-order effect and exemptions by the Renewable Energy Promotion loaded instead. In addition, the consumption- intensive industries were retrospectively except for the beginning of 2011 of the network costs, which € 800 million in 2013 must also be borne by other consumers.
The Alliance 90/The Greens parliamentary group criticized the price increases by the power companies as unjustified additional revenues at the expense of current customers who did not stand up due to higher procurement costs or increased production costs for renewable energy. To this end, the Group have been several reports in order. In addition, the Greens criticized the distribution of the costs charged to the private consumer and demanded to reform the Renewable Energy Sources Act.
The German Wind Energy Association wrote in October 2013 ( in response to the 2014 by almost 1 ct / kWh increase in EEG apportionment ), the price of electricity for end users ( about 25 ct / kWh) go 2014 only 0.25 cents per kWh (about 1 percent) in the promotion of wind energy on land.
The Federal Association of Energy and Water Industries ( BDEW) declared in August 2010, the power companies stood in a fierce competition for customers: "No one can afford to charge excessive prices ." He called on the policy, even public to take responsibility for the increasing government burdens on electricity prices. According to the BDEW the share of state taxes on the price of electricity for residential customers in 2013 will rise to 50 percent for the first time. Reasons for this are the sharp increase in EEG surcharge and rising network charges, which in turn lead to an increase of other state- fixed price components.
The industry-oriented Initiative New Social Market Economy warned of a " de-industrialization of Germany", in particular, the most energy-intensive industries such as the aluminum industry and the paper industry would move. The civil society organization Campact took the opportunity for a counter-campaign and referred to the extensive special regulations for industrial companies as well as to lower stock market electricity prices. For example, the aluminum producer Norsk Hydro has announced plans to triple production in Germany due to favorable supply costs again after the production was cut in 2009 allegedly due to continued high energy costs on emergency mode.
The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW ) came in a study published in the spring of 2012 to the proposition that warnings were exaggerated before electricity price rises due to the energy transition; there was a similar number of price-raising as -lowering factors.
Consumer centers criticized, more and more poorer households would be hit by rising energy prices. So over three million copies was called for the payment of electricity bills in 2010. 340,000 households is blocking the connection been threatened, 62,000 customers had power actually been turned off. Price increases for electricity and gas amounting to an average of 15 percent would " make for priceless commodity" energy for many households in the last two years.
Federal Environment Minister Peter Altmaier criticized the planned increases in electricity prices in Germany by an average of twelve percent in November 2012 as part unjustified, "Many electric utilities are using their increasing significantly higher than the increase in the renewable energy levy " ... " It's hard to understand because the stock market electricity prices since the last year have dropped across the board. "
The forum Ecological- Social Market Economy ( GBG ) increased in January 2013 on behalf of the Parliamentary Group of Alliance 90/The Greens, an analysis of the stock market electricity prices in the European comparison on the existence of the competitive situation and large electricity-intensive companies has improved since 2007. The authoritative for bulk purchaser electricity price on the German electricity exchange is thus decreased between January 2008 and October 2012 by 22 percent. One reason for this is the so-called merit order effect of renewable energies, a complex pricing mechanism. While the average German industrial electricity prices including taxes and fees subject slightly higher than in most European countries. However, this is not a phenomenon of the energy transition, but traditional way. In March 2013, the GBG submitted a further application study of the parliamentary group of Alliance 90/The Greens, which contrasts the production costs for renewable energy, the avoided cost of fossil fuels, the cost reduction on the electricity market and avoided environmental damage costs. Consequently, an economically positive balance of the energy turnaround from 2030 to draw from. The exemptions for the industry calculated the GBG to a volume of at least € 16.2 billion in 2014.
The Sustainability of the Federal Government in February 2013 called for increased visibility in the price of electricity debate " among imbalances " suffer and was not sustainable. The energy revolution is only responsible for part of the cost increases; but often they 'll made solely responsible.
Greenpeace called for in August 2013 a " rip-off brake" against excessive current prices. In a first step, the antitrust authorities to investigate whether energy companies or public utilities abusing a dominant market position with their primary care rates. Second, the standard rates should be checked in advance by the state, as it was handled by law until 2007. Third, the exemptions for industry to be scaled back.
Considering the constantly rising electricity prices was filed an online petition to the German Parliament in November 2012, which calls for affordable and sustainable electricity. The petition supports an immediate reduction of the state share (currently 50 % ) on the price of electricity and promoting research for power generation and storage; she wants it favor any technology. The required number of 50,000 signatures was just not reached.

Electricity prices in the EU and the euro zone

Survey

Electricity prices in Europe by the Statistical Office of the European Union, Eurostat short, collected, analyzed and published monthly. These data are summarized at regular intervals and analyzed as in the current, published in May 2012 report " Statistics Explained Archive Vol 4 - Agriculture, environment, energy and transport statistics" ( of evaluated progress first half of 2011 ).

The average electricity price was in 2012 according to Eurostat in the European Union ( EU) ( 27 states )

For residential customers is 18.4 cents / kWh (incl. taxes and fees )
For industrial customers was 11.7 ct / kWh ( without umwälzbare taxes and duties).

This final price includes all cost effective components and in addition to the current delivery price (generation and network usage ) in order to be refunded or offset against the taxes, levies and taxes, which remain with the customer and not adopted. For private customers, these are all duties and taxes including VAT. VAT for industrial customers is omitted, since it can generally be expected in the course of deductions against. Moreover, in the EU countries have different rules for the payable taxes and levies apply.

Eurostat also determined the average electricity price in the euro area ( 17 countries). For both groups of consumers results in a somewhat higher price level: The average price of electricity was 2012 in the euro zone

For private customers at 19.34 cents / kWh (incl. taxes and fees ),
For industrial customers is 12.4 cents / kWh ( without umwälzbare taxes and duties).

According to a study by the EU took from 2000 to 2013 due to higher electricity prices, the share of industry in GDP from 18% to 15 % off.

Electricity prices in 2011 in the countries of the euro zone (EA 17)

Average electricity prices for industrial customers without umwälzbare duties and taxes, Source: Eurostat

Collection method and terms

As household customers are recorded with an annual electricity consumption between 500 and 5000 kWh / a Eurostat private consumers. The surveys carried out for five different types of households to include the range of fare types and the differences in consumption. The EU-wide average is calculated on the basis of the national electricity consumption in the private sector (base year is currently 2009) by statistical weighting. As an industrial customer companies are recognized with an annual electricity consumption 500000-2000000 kWh / a. The elevations are regulated by the binding of the EU Commission Decision 2007/394/EC. The range of different tariffs, consumption levels will be recorded in this sector by seven different groups. The extrapolation to the EU-wide average is as for private customers by weighting the national consumption in the industrial sector.

Details of the electricity price comparison in the euro zone

For private customers, 2011, the highest electricity prices in Germany ( 25.3 ct / kWh) were in the euro zone, Cyprus ( 24.1 ct / kWh ) and Belgium found ( 21.2 ct / kWh), and the lowest in Greece ( 12.4 ct / kWh ) and Estonia ( 10.4 ct / kWh). The price range is around two times. The share of taxes (based on the final price ) in the electricity supply to households is on average 32%, ranging from approx. 45 % in Germany to almost 5% in Malta.

For industrial customers in 2011 were the highest electricity prices in the euro zone in Cyprus ( 24.1 ct / kWh ) and Italy found ( 19.1 ct / kWh), and the lowest in Finland ( 9.7 ct / kWh ) and Estonia ( 9.1 ct / kWh). The price range is just under three times. Germany is the average electricity price of industrial customers in the middle of the euro zone. The share of taxes (based on the final price; umwälzbare without taxes) in the delivery of electricity to industrial customers is on average 20 %, ranging from 30 % in Germany and 28 % in Italy to 2.6 % in Ireland to 0 (no levies or taxes ), Malta.

According to the price index of the Federation of Industrial Energy and Power Industry ( VIK ) electricity prices for energy-intensive enterprises has decreased since 2011, and in 2013 at the level of 2005. According to the KfW banking group in the current price ( inclusive of all taxes and duties) between 2008 and 2012 increased in the EU-wide average of five per cent, while the price of electricity in Germany in the same period for the industry has increased by 4.8 percent. According to KfW, the German energy-intensive industries of the energy change due to declining stock market electricity prices ( merit-order effect) had benefited " a competitive disadvantage compared to other EU therefore does not seem obvious. " The KfW. According to a study submitted in June 2013 analysis of the Öko-Institut energy-intensive industries in Germany moved in 2012 as low power since early 2005. Moreover, the price of electricity for energy-intensive industry in Germany has risen less since 2007 than in the majority of EU Member States. In particular, energy-intensive industries come to enjoy various privileges on tax law. These include, inter alia, the broad exemption from fees for network use and the EEG surcharge, the compensation for the CO2 - price component of the wholesale electricity price and the free allocation in the EU ETS.

In January 2014, Dutch aluminum smelter announced its closure, since it was no longer competitive as a result of cheap industrial electricity in Germany. In contrast, the Hydro Aluminium decided to significantly expand its production in Grevenbroich. The French industry association Uniden demanded in March 2014 by the French Government a price cap on nuclear power, as the electricity costs for large industrial customers in Germany soon 35% lower than in France subject. According to the German Association of Industrial Energy and Power Industry ( VIK ) the cost of electricity for industrial consumers were in early 2014 on the level of ten years earlier.

Between 2000, the year of introduction of the EEG, and 2012 household electricity prices including all taxes and charges in Germany increased by 69 %, while it increased only by 53.5 % for the EU average.

Price of electricity in Austria

Electricity prices in Austria are published by the Statistical Office of the European Union, Eurostat shortly. Periodically, these data are summarized and analyzed across the EU, as in the current, published in May 2012 report " Statistics Explained Archive Vol 4 - Agriculture, environment, energy and transport statistics" ( of evaluated progress first half of 2011 ).

The average price of electricity in Austria was in 2012 according to Eurostat

For domestic consumers at 19.65 cents / kWh (incl. taxes and fees ),
For industrial customers with 11.09 ct / kWh ( without umwälzbare taxes and duties).

Price of electricity in Switzerland

Electricity prices in Switzerland are those published by national umbrella organization of the electricity company, the Association of Swiss Electricity Companies (VSE ). The average price of electricity in Switzerland was 2012 including taxes and charges accordingly

For household customers with a consumption of 2500 kWh / a at 22,91 ct. / kWh ( cents per kWh)
For household customers with a consumption of 4500 kWh / a at 18,87 ct. / kWh
Commercial customers with a consumption of 150,000 kWh / a at 18,13 ct. / kWh
For industrial customers with a consumption of 1,500,000 kWh / a at 14,83 ct. / kWh.

Electricity prices in the UK

The British energy suppliers British Gas plans to offer free from mid-2014 to current on Saturdays to encourage residential customers to a week to consume less electricity while.

Electricity rates

Structure of electricity tariffs

Electricity tariffs for households and small businesses are of a consumption-related price (depending on the amount of electricity used (kWh ) ) and a solid, fuel- independent deployment and transfer pricing ( colloquially: Basic price ) is formed. For large customers a performance price for the maximum electrical power is added during the billing period. With this basic system, energy supply companies offer different rates, which are graded according to performance and power consumption.

Primary care

Energy companies are obliged to offer tariffs to which any member has the right to be supplied with electrical energy. These tariffs were referred to in the past as the so-called " general rates ". These tariffs were subject according to the Federal Tariff Regulations electricity by mid-2007 approval by the relevant state authorities and had to be requested from the power company there. According to revised Energy Act are referred to in § 39 of the Energy Act as " General ", prices. Through the purchase of electricity automatically comes a supply contract to the " general prices " about. He has a notice period of one month to the end of the month.

Contracts for households

Electricity supply for households are generally from a combination of labor and the basic price. According to the utility of this two- part tariff system for the consumer to understand than multiple-unit commercial and industrial contracts and easily comprehensible. There are also tariffs, which consist only of the price of labor.

The energy supply companies offer a wide range of tariffs and responding to legal requirements and customer demands. In addition to different types of settlement (ratio of consumption- work price for fixed deployment and transfer pricing ) different areas of origin of the electricity offered ( conventional power stations, renewable energy sources, " green power " or even a power mix ). The supply of households, and thus numerous specifications, for example in the tariff, contract and invoice design, are made by the Energy Industry Act ( Energy Act ) Part 4 energy delivery to end user. So the list of prescribed there invoice details is long and a 5 -page energy bill not uncommon. Background information on the electricity bill for households provides the Agency for Renewable Energies from the perspective of the cost of green electricity production costs and external costs.

Commercial price

Also Commercial price usually consist of a combination of work rate ( depending on consumption ) and basic price ( consumption independently ), where the basic price can break down in a transfer price and a fixed power price. The transfer price includes the cost of the measuring device, the metering and billing and collection. The power price covers the cost of readiness for delivery.

Special contracts

For commercial and industrial electricity consumers individually tailored special agreements are concluded, usually with maturities of one to several years.

The current prices of these special contracts are not subject to price control of the national authorities but the competition in the electricity market. The price system is more extensive compared to residential and commercial rates. The maximum power requirement is added as the settlement size. For this is done for consumers with a current consumption than 100,000 kWh / year, registering performance measurement, the highest power demand (measured as kW ) recorded an accounting period.

The price system of special contracts for commercial and industrial electricity consumers includes:

Labor price ( depending on consumption )
Power price ( depending on consumption ): Fee for the highest average power of a billing period, billing unit € / kW
Elementary and measuring price ( consumption independent)
Reactive consumption ( consumption-based ) calculation, provided that sufficient reactive power compensation is available.

Billing Examples of electricity tariffs

Single household

The billing of electricity consumption for a typical household tariff ( primary care ) is set forth in the following example for the meter-reading period September 23 2007 to September 21, 2008. Listed are the essential elements of the tariffs. Within the accounting period are therefore 1 January 2008 the rates have been raised. The required subdivision of the accounting period are accrued.

* Key to ZW (counter ): ET - Eintarifzähler, DT - Double -or two -rate meter ** Key to species ( meter reading ): 01 Frequency readout, 02 delineation, S estimated A read.

The specified price includes labor, among other things, the network usage fee for the transmission of electricity, the concession fee and the cost allocations for the power-heat coupling Act and the Renewable Energy Law. The grid usage charge is shown separately, the remaining allocations usually not. On the bill, the energy use must be specified, ie, the type of production of the current.

Special contract customer

The billing of electricity consumption for a typical large customers on a tariff with a monthly capacity charge is set forth in the following example for the meter-reading period June 2007. The basic accounting groups are active work, power and reactive energy, the active and reactive work is in high tariff (HT, daytime) and low tariff periods (NT, at night) divided.

* Key to ZW (counter ): WHT - Active work on-peak, WNT - Active energy peak rate and POWER - Performance, BHT - reactive energy high tariff, BNT - Reactive low tariff

The specified work price already includes the cost of network usage and the concession fee. The cost for network use are reported separately in this context. On the bill, the energy use must be specified, ie, the type of production of the current.

References

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