Engineering

As engineering ( also Engineering ) those sciences are called that deal in their area of research and technological development or construction and production technology. This scientific findings are usually explored application-oriented and practically applied.

In order to delineate the general technology that deals with the general principles of the technique, called the various technical disciplines sometimes special technologies.

Survey

The classical engineering sciences are the Civil Engineering ( including surveying and mapping ), mechanical engineering and electrical engineering. Historically important also are the mining, metallurgical industry (metallurgy ) and Mine Surveying. The architecture combines elements of the engineering sciences with those of the visual arts. In addition to statistics also include younger courses power engineering, safety engineering, building technology, chemical engineering, process engineering, environmental technology and precision engineering.

There is an overlap between these disciplines, so that the transitions are fluid. This is particularly evident in the physical technology.

The industrial engineering combined Economics (Business Administration and Economics), Law and one or more engineering in a private, interdisciplinary scientific study. The same applies for the course of the patent engineering.

It is disputed whether the computer science or software engineering is already part of a engineering.

Self-understanding

The engineering sciences are applied sciences. Research is usually operated in relation to practically usable technology, processes, methods, applications or equipment. It will also operate basic research, but the greatest quantitative working range lies in the practical implementation of scientific knowledge in the implementation of technical products or processes.

Changed radically has the engineering science through the introduction of computers. While previously with tedious calculations and experiments, the structural assumptions had to be checked and data for the design provided (such as the strength of a steel beam ), today more and more tests can be replaced by numerical simulations on the computer. By better understanding caused by this technical relationships there is a tendency nowadays less on assessments and more to rely on simulations. This applications run more frequently than in the past closer to technical limits, with all the positive (eg, lower material costs, lower manufacturing costs, completely new concepts such as lightweight ) and negative (eg, frequent failure of components ) consequences.

Training

Engineering sciences are taught in Germany (technical) universities, colleges and vocational colleges. The courses close at vocational colleges with a degree (BA ) or from 2009 with a Bachelor of Engineering, at colleges with a Bachelor, Diplom (FH) or Master, at universities / technical universities with a bachelor diploma or master, in Austria z. T. with a Magister, from. The academic degrees of Bachelor and Master in accordance with accredited degree programs at colleges, universities or technical colleges are each equal footing; the successful master's degree at colleges, technical colleges and universities access to doctoral studies.

The Standing Conference and the Conference of Interior Ministers had decided in 2002 to recognize the Master's degrees from universities and also by accreditation of colleges as access authorization for the higher service. Based on experience with the accreditation, the Conference of Interior Ministers encouraged to waive the special aptitude and thus to provide access to higher civil service all master's degrees. Following a resolution of the Standing Conference and Conference of Interior Ministers took effect on 1 January 2008, an amended agreement in force.

The Master of Engineering ( Master in Engineering ) may be awarded in the field of engineering sciences. Depending on the content focus of the degree program and the Master of Science ( Master of Science ) may be awarded in engineering. Master's programs are differentiated by the profile types "more practice-oriented" ( M.Eng. ) And " more research-oriented " ( M.Sc.) to differentiate and can according to the different tasks of the universities are offered both at universities and at colleges. The same is true for the corresponding Bachelor degree programs.

At common until the early 1970s, engineering schools, there was the Ing degree. , The graduate engineer as a final state.

In 2005, the study was published " indicators for education in higher education ". According to the shortage of young engineers at risk even the technology in Germany. In a comparison of OECD countries Germany, in recent years, although a strong increase in the entry rate in engineering sciences, but they stay still lags far behind that of other countries.

The subject group mathematics / natural sciences grew by more than 1000 graduates, as well as increased the number of computer scientists. Physicists and chemists are, however, at very low levels, in terms of the number of graduates.

Particularly problematic is the situation described in the engineering sciences. Only 18.1% of graduates have an engineering degree. The number of graduates was in 2003 approximately 33,000.

The career opportunities for engineering scientists are classified as " very low ". A year after graduation are the expertise of "Report on the Technological Performance 2005 ", over 90 % of engineers and computer scientists in a regular acquisition ratio.

It is therefore strongly recommended to awaken young people's interest in pursuing studies in fields of interest to the technological performance areas and in particular to mobilize women for the technical professions.

Basic subjects on which to build the engineering sciences, mathematics and physics, in particular its sections mechanics, thermodynamics and electrodynamics, but also the chemistry (eg in material and construction area) or geology ( in the field of civil engineering ). These fundamental subjects are joined by method-oriented basic subjects such as design theory, as well as supplementary fundamentals of business administration and computer science. Oriented towards the state of science and technology in the 21st century and the curricula of technical universities and colleges to the basics of engineering are structured as follows (source: HUT - The knowledge of engineering, Springer, 2007):

• Mathematics and scientific principles (mathematics and statistics, physics, chemistry)
• Technological basics (materials, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Thermodynamics, electrical, instrumentation, control and regulation technology, technical computer science )
• Fundamentals for products and services (development and design, production )
• Economic and legal aspects ( business, management, standardization, legal, patents)

In 2012, there were 77,775 graduates in Germany in the subject group engineering at universities in Germany, of which 41 296 graduates completed their studies with a Bachelor's and a Master's degree from 13,606.

Of subjects

On the above basis, the actual engineering rely on, which are presented below. In the border areas between the work areas often tend to establish separate compartments (eg mechatronics ) that can grow with time also to its own subjects. This evolutionary development of engineering subjects thus always reflect technical progress.

• Civil Engineering Basic courses: statics, mechanics, physics, mathematics, building structures, strength of materials, materials science, mechanical drawing, surveying.
• Disciplines: Construction, Geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, wood technology, simulation methods, road construction, technical building equipment, civil engineering, transportation, supply engineering, hydraulic engineering

• Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering Basic subjects: mathematics, chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, engineering mechanics and strength of materials, materials science, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, engineering design, control engineering, metrology, occasionally, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Genetics / Genetic Engineering

• Electrical Engineering Basic subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer science
• Core Courses: components, circuit theory, systems theory, theory of fields and waves, Engineering Design
• Disciplines: automation, electronics, energy and communications engineering

• Engineering Basic subjects: mathematics, physics, engineering mechanics, materials science, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, engineering design, control systems (including control systems ), instrumentation, electronic data processing, electrical engineering, mechanical drawing.
• Core Courses: Hardware, machine dynamics, fluid energy machines, heat engines (especially flow machines and reciprocating engines), process engineering and equipment.
• Disciplines: engineering, energy technology, automotive engineering, manufacturing engineering, materials engineering, plastics engineering, aviation and aerospace engineering, computer science engineering, mechatronics, shipbuilding, marine engineering, welding technology and environmental technology

• Other areas of Engineering: Agricultural Science, Agricultural Engineering, Architecture, Mining, Computational Engineering, Computer - aided design, precision engineering, horticulture, surveying, information technology, interior design, cartography, landscape architecture, metallurgy, medical technology, military technology, physical technique, spatial planning, urban planning, systems engineering, environmental planning, traffic engineering, transport planning, traffic studies, surveying, materials science and materials science