Epipactis purpurata
Violet helleborine ( Epipactis purpurata )
The Violet helleborine ( Epipactis purpurata ) is a plant belonging to the orchid family ( Orchidaceae).
- 9.1 Literature
- 9.2 External links
Description
Among the domestic helleborine species the Violet helleborine has an almost unique appearance. It can actually be confused with the small-leaved helleborine.
From a low-lying in the ground rhizome often grow several shoots with a height of 20 to 65 centimeters. The three to ten leaves remain relatively short and rarely reach a length of up to seven centimeters. The entire plant is usually crowded purple. The 10 to 30 inches long, thick and einseitswendige inflorescence bears 10 to 50 flowers that open wide in general. The petals of the outer circle are strong inside and outside green overrun with something purple that of the inner circle are whitish - green. The lip is white, the beads of the front lip are usually colored pink. The inside of the bowl-shaped rear lip is light to dark pink.
The total green - purple plants taking nearly nothing from brown, covered with leaves or needles from the forest floor prior to flowering and from a distance is difficult to discover. However, during the heyday they are through the green flowers usually very noticeable.
The shoots of the plant always wear flowers. Loose flowers (sterile ) shoots as they are the norm in younger plants of various other helleborine species, there is not in this species.
The flowering period starts later than in the broadleaf helleborine in July and may extend into September.
Genetics
The Violet helleborine has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and each chromosome 20 ( Cytology: 2n = 40).
Ecology
The Violet helleborine occurs in various forest types, especially in beech and spruce forests with fresh and not too moist soils. The soils are often superficial in the neutral to slightly acidic range, the underground area is hard. Because of their small dependence of the photosynthesis occurs in very dark forests. In dense spruce forests they can even be the only plant species, or only associated for example with the White helleborine or other myco - heterotrophic plants. The spruce forests are often monocultures. In general, it is rare on forest edges or along the forest trails.
It is rarer than the broad-leaved helleborine usually, but can at times be the more frequent type, such as on the Lonetal - Flächenalb whose superficially decalcified soils correspond to the scheme described above Malm.
- Plant communities: Order Fagetalia sylvaticae ( mesophytic, buchenwald like deciduous forests of Europe)
- Association Fagion sylvaticae
- Association Carpinion ( oak -hornbeam forests)
Dissemination
Total distribution:
The distribution area extends from France to the Baltic states (Lithuania ) and Moldova to the south the nominate does not penetrate down to the Mediterranean area before, to the north is not in the boreal areas. Outside this area of distribution are from the Caucasus to find Greece to southern Italy some subspecies.
Germany:
In Hesse, Saarland, Baden- Württemberg and Thuringia the Violet helleborine is well distributed. In the other provinces, it is much less likely. Striking is an isolated occurrence in the northern German lowlands in Schleswig -Holstein.
Switzerland:
In Switzerland, the Violet helleborine one of the rarer species. It comes in the Jura, Mittelland, isolated on Alps and the northern edge Wallis ago.
Nature protection and hazard
Red lists:
- Red List of Germany: not threatened
- Red List states:
- Baden- Württemberg: safely
- Bavaria: 3
- Hesse: safely
- North Rhine -Westphalia: 3
- Rhineland -Palatinate: 4
- Saarland: safely
- Lower Saxony: 3
- Saxony: 1
- Saxony- Anhalt: 3
- Thuringia: safely
- Schleswig -Holstein: 1
- Mecklenburg- Vorpommern: 1
- Berlin & Brandenburg: missing
The Violet helleborine is still largely little risk. Their locations are mainly threatened by clearcutting, which is especially true of spruce forests. A lesser risk is represented by deer, which erode the inflorescences.
System
Nomenclature
Although the name Epipactis viridiflora Hoffm was. ex Krock. 1814 earlier published as the common name Epipactis purpurata Sm 1828, but opinions differ as to whether Ep viridiflora actually describes this type. Therefore, should Ep purpurata be preserved as a " nomen conservandum ".
Synonyms
- Serapias latifolia Hoffm. (1804 ) ( basionym )
- Helleborine viridiflora ( Hoffm. ex Krock. ) Wheldon & Travis (1913 )
- Epipactis helleborine varians var Crantz (1769 )
- Epipactis sessilifolia Peterm. (1844 )
- Epipactis latifolia var violacea Major -. Doq. (1846 )
- Epipactis violacea ( Dur. -. Doq ) Bor ( 1857)
- Limodorum violaceum ( Dur. -. Doq ) Kuntze (1891 )
- Epipactis varians ( Crantz ) Fleischm. & Ind. (1905 )
- Helleborine sessilifolia ( Peterm. ) Druce (1905 )
- Helleborine violacea ( Dur. -. Doq ) Druce (1907 )
- Serapias sessilifolia ( Peterm. ) A. A. Eaton (1908 )
- Helleborine purpurata (Sm. ) Druce (1909 )
- Helleborine varians ( Crantz ) O. Schwarz ( 1936)
- Epipactis helleborine subsp. varians ( Crantz ) H. Sund. (1980)
- Epipactis helleborine var viridiflora ( Hoffm. ex Krock. ) O. Bolos & Vigo ( 2001)
Subspecies, forms, varieties
- Epipactis purpurata ( viridiflora ) subsp. halacsyi ( Robatsch ) H. Baumann & R. Lorenz
- Epipactis purpurata ( viridiflora ) subsp. pollinensis (B. Baumann & Baumann H. ) H. Baumann, R. Lorenz
- Epipactis purpurata ( viridiflora ) subsp. kuenkeleana Akhalkatski, H. Baumann, R. Lorenz & Mosulishvili
- Epipactis purpurata cycle. rosea ( var erdneri )
Hybrids
- Epipactis × schulzei P.Fourn. (1928 ) ( Epipactis helleborine × purpurata )
- Epipactis × liestalensis A. Camus (1929 ) ( Epipactis atrorubens × purpurata )
Not described in the following hybrids:
- Epipactis leptochila × purpurata
- Epipactis pontica × purpurata
- Epipactis greuteri × purpurata