Ganglion
A ganglion (plural ganglia) is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. Ganglia are also called nerve ganglia, as they stand out as nodular thickening in the preparation.
In lower animals, such as annelids and arthropods, the central nervous system is composed of differentiated, larger ganglia, in the course of evolution developed the brain.
Ganglia of mammals (selection)
- Celiac ganglion, the Bauchhöhlenganglion
- Cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion
- Superior cervical ganglion ( in animals: cranial cervical ganglion ), upper cervical ganglion
- Ciliary ganglion, ciliary ganglion
- Ganglion ( trigeminal ganglion, semilunar ganglion ), a ganglion of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve
- Geniculate ganglion in the petrous
- Inferior ganglion ( ganglion distal ), lower ganglion
- Superior mesenteric ganglion ( in animals: cranial mesenteric ganglion ) in the top ( in animals: front ) abdominal cavity
- Inferior mesenteric ganglion ( in animals: caudal mesenteric ganglion ) in the lower ( in animals: rear ) abdominal cavity
- Otic ganglion at the base of the skull
- Paravertebral ganglion, ganglion
- Ganglion prevertebrale
- Submandibular ganglion in the lower jaw area
- Pterygopalatine ganglion, Flügelgaumenganglion
- Spinal ganglion, Dorsalganglion or dorsal
- The spiral ganglion ( ganglion Corti ) in a cavity in the center of the screw turns
- Superior ganglion ( ganglion proximal ), upper ganglion
- Stellate ganglion ( cervicothoracic ganglion ) side of the first thoracic vertebra
- Vestibular ganglion ( ganglion Gasteri ) at the bottom of the internal auditory canal
Ganglia of arthropods and lower animals
Particularly striking ganglia occur at the front end of the rope ladder nervous system of arthropods and annelids. According to their position above and below the pharynx they are called the upper and lower pharyngeal ganglia.