Golden Delicious
Chance seedling, probably Goldreinette x Grimes Golden
The Golden Delicious [ ' goʊldən də'liʃəs ], also: Golden Delicious is a table of fruit of apple culture. Golden Delicious has been for decades the most important yellow / green apple variety in world trade.
Golden Delicious is a süßaromatischer Apple, whose tree is very productive. He originally comes from West Virginia, but is grown worldwide since the mid-20th century. In Germany it is ripe at the end of the growth period, and requires favorable climatic conditions to fully ripen. In the 20th century, numerous Golden Delicious apples were in Germany, especially in the GDR, in the trade, which were not fully developed, and therefore strongly declining as taste quality.
Mainly due to its high uniform income Golden Delicious is a favorite variety of apple growers, its genome has now been incorporated into numerous commercial varieties. From Golden Delicious numerous other varieties are descended from, which are also grown in the commercial cultivation globally, including Elstar, Jonagold, Gala, Cripps Pink, Rubinette and Pinova.
In Germany Elstar has long Golden Delicious replaced as the most popular variety in cultivation. Golden Delicious is still at 3.5 % of the area cultivated with apples. In Switzerland, Golden Delicious was until 2009 the most popular variety in cultivation. However, in South Tyrol apple is the most widely planted grape with increasing acreage in recent years. In France and Italy, Golden Delicious is protected by several geographical indications.
- 2.1 Discovery and sale to Stark Brothers
- 2.2 In the commercial trade
- 2.3 Yellow Delicious in the GDR
- 2.4 Honours and reference
- 2.5 Late 20th century
- 2.6 Dissemination today
- 3.1 Soil and climate
- 3.2 maturity and harvest
- 3.3 fertilization
- 3.4 Storage
- 3.5 Vulnerabilities and Resistances
Description
Fruits
The fruits are greenish, with maturity are yellowish cream color, can be slightly red on the sunny side. But the apple does not develop red stripes. The fruit is medium to large. They are built round to elongate and evenly. The body is ribbed visible, especially at the calyx are the five ribs clearly visible.
The stem cavity is narrow and deep, usually with some russeting. The stalk itself is long and narrow, it is firmly seated in the stem cavity. The calyx is compared to other apples average wide and deep. The skin of the Goldeb Delicious is smooth, dry and thin. In cultivation in humid climates can cause russeting. The lenticels are comparatively large and gray - brown in color.
The creamy white flesh is juicy and firm. If Golden Delicious harvested late, his flesh is mealy. At the time of harvest the pulp should have a resistance of 7-8 kg/cm2 and a sugar content of 11.5-13.0 ° Brix.
Fully mature apples are süßaromatisch and some anise. Golden Delicious has little acid, which is reflected in the taste. Fruit which hung in the shade taste wässig, immature apples geschmacksarm. If Golden Delicious sliced the flesh oxidises slowly.
Tree
The tree is about medium. Branches and twigs grow apart in wide angles. Uncut the tree is quite covering ground with a tendency to drooping branches. The tree bears fruit on one-year wood and the branch tips.
Flower buds
Golden Delicious on the tree
History
Discovery and sale to Stark Brothers
For the discovery of the Golden Delicious are two different variants. After the more common variant - which was spread over decades of Stark Brothers - discover Anderson H. Mullins in 1905 in Porter 's Creek in Clay County, West Virginia / United States a random grown apple tree with big yellow apples on his property. The tree was even in years of plenty, where another of his fruit trees bore no fruit. The apples from the tree lasted until April. J. M. Mullins, nephew of Anderson Mullins took but can claim to have discovered the tree already in 1890. As a teenager on his father's farm he was mowing the grass, leaving the tree alive until he finally wore apples. J. M. Mullins suggested that the original seeds came from one of the trees of the farm, which were probably also of the variety Golden Reinette. As a father places Grimes Golden is assumed, among other things because many common features are discernible.
What is certain is again that L.L. Mullins, father of J. M. Mullins and brother of Anderson Mullins the land, with apple tree in the early 20th century, sold to Anderson Mullins. Anderson Mullins called the apple Mullins Yellow Seedling and sent in the spring of 1914 some copies to the Stark Brothers in Missouri. Stark had already successfully introduced the Red Delicious in the United States, and was one of the most successful and most aggressive fruit growers at that time. Paul Stark, who ran the business at that time, was impressed by the taste of the apple and also the fact that in April he had firm flesh. The later in numerous catalogs by disseminated by Stark legend, he recognized the potential of the apple, and sets out the " Trail of the Golden Apple " ( " path of golden apple " ) led the way by train, a narrow gauge railway and horseback through the mountains of West Virginia toward the land of Mullins. There, no one opened it, and behind the house he saw only a small orchard with small stunted trees. Only at second glance, he discovered a standing alone on a mountain large, abundant bearing tree. When he took a closer look at this tree, Mullins met him, and put the apple in front of "His name Mullins. I sent them some of it."
Strong paid $ 5,000 ( according to Anderson ) or $ 50 (according to JM ) to the family for the tree and the almost one hundred square meters of land around it. Similarly, Stark paid the family that she took care of the tree, and remained in regular discussions on the state of the original tree. Stark also had a cage with a battery-operated alarm system build around the apple tree around. The original Golden Delicious died in 1958. Remnants of the cage were still visible in 1987.
In commercial trade
1916 brought Stark Brothers, who already sold the Red Delicious apple under the name of Golden Delicious in the trade. Stark Brothers Golden Delicious recommended as the perfect complement to Red Delicious. Since Red Delicious is not fertilized itself, had to Red Delicious plantations another apple varieties are available, which donated pollen. Golden Delicious, which flourished long and it produces more pollen than almost any other apple varieties was beworden of Stark specially for this purpose. Catalogs from the mid-20th century speak of the Red / Golden Delicious as a "model plantation ".
It took only a few years before Golden Delicious widespread in the United States. 1921 awarded him the American Pomological Society, the Wilder Medal. The Washington Apple Commission, which was established in the New Deal, sought to promote fruit production to the state of Washington, recommended since the 1930s Golden Delicious as an eating apple and as a pollinator. However, Golden Delicious took longer to regain its market significance than Red Delicious. In 1945 as Red Delicious has long dominated the market, the proportion of the area was in the U.S. with Golden Delicious only 1.8 percent, from seven different varieties of apples built the fruit growers to more. It was not until 1950, the situation began to change. Since the 1970s to the 2000s Golden Delicious was after Red Delicious, the most frequently Cultivated varieties in the U.S., and orchards with Golden Delicious were found on all continents.
Importance for Golden Delicious had thereby the rise of fruit growing in the most important region for Washington apple production in the United States. In Washington, the main growing region for apples in the United States, Golden Delicious was for decades second grade to Red Delicious. His weddings in the 1970s, stood at 95 % of the acreage in Washington Red Delicious or Golden Delicious. Golden Delicious is cultivated especially in Europe and the USA. While Golden Delicious 'green' apple in world trade was for decades the dominant, and after Red Delicious apple of the world's most widely used, it has lost market share to varieties such as Jonagold, Gala, Fuji or Elstar since the turn of the millennium. In Washington, for example, has the Gala Golden Delicious overhauled in 2003, and in 2010 it was ranked only 5 of the varieties. In the entire USA Gala Golden Delicious superseded in 2008. In Europe, Golden Delicious but is still very widespread.
Yellow Delicious in the GDR
In the GDR was the Golden Delicious, there called "Golden Delicious ", " ubiquitous. " During inclement climate of Golden Delicious loses flavor, also it must be harvested earlier, before it is fully ripe. The yield of the trees but still very high. Although the climate of the GDR unfavorable impact on its flavor, led his earning power but to the fact that it was grown everywhere. Consequence was the supply of the GDR with large amounts of apples reduced flavor. The early harvested " Yellow Delicious " got so also the nickname "Green Ghastly ".
Honors and reference
Since the second half of the 20th century, West Virginia relies on the Golden Delicious. Since 1972, the apple is in itself an official state fruit of the state. In 1995, West Virginia has clarified the general apple on the Golden Delicious go. The appointment was made on a proposal from the Guyan Valley Junior High. Since 1973 the Clay County organized in West Virginia every autumn the Golden Delicious Festival. The program includes band performances, a baking contest, beauty pageants, motorcycle and art auctions as well as a competition in the pan litter.
Late 20th century
In Trentino Golden Delicious belong with Red Delicious and Canada Reinette to the three varieties of apples as fruit from the Non Valley (Val di Non) a Protected Designation of Origin (DOP) have. Similarly, Golden Delicious from Limousin protected since 2005 as " AOC Pommes de Limousin ".
In the years 2010 decrypted researcher at the Fondazione Edmund Mach in Trentino, Italy the entire genome of the Golden Delicious. He was thus the first apple variety on the existed this knowledge. The researchers chose the apple because he is spread worldwide, and accounts for 80 % of the apple crop in the area of the research center.
Spread today
In Germany Golden Delicious has been grown commercially from 1530 operations on a total area of 982 hectares in 2012. This corresponds to 3.5 % of the area of the entire German apple growing. Major growing areas are Baden-Württemberg with 364 planted acres, with 221 acres of Saxony and Rhineland -Palatinate with 141 acres.
In Switzerland, Golden Delicious was until 2009 the most popular variety in cultivation. It was surpassed by the Golden Delicious offspring Gala in popularity among fruit growers until 2010, and came to rank second
In Styria and Tyrol Golden Delicious is still the most important apple. Unlike some newer varieties such as Golden Delicious Braeburn was able to gain acreage in recent years even again.
Cultivation
Soil and climate
Golden Delicious tolerates many soil and climatic conditions. However, he is not frost resistant in harsh winters. The tree grows best in moderately moist soils in a warm climate, with dry, sunny summers. In the Old Country, for example, recommends the fruit-growing ring test only the cultivation in sheltered sites on humic soils.
Maturity and harvest
Golden Delicious flowers in mid to late season. He produced an apple for an unusual number of pollen, but fertilized only bad selber.Im compared to other apples Golden Delicious starts at a young age with the production of fruit. The tree shows only little alternation.
The winter apples can be harvested in Europe in October and reaches from December ripe to eat. Depending on growing region and climate, it is possible that the growing season for Golden Delicious is too short not fully ripen the apples and are affected accordingly at harvest in taste. The harvest takes place mostly in a single pass. The timing is usually when the color of the fruit changes from green to yellow.
The tree loses usually no fruit before harvest. Under good conditions, the tree is very productive. "Golden Delicious" has become a benchmark for the yield of other varieties, with their yield is expressed as a percentage of the Golden Delicious yield under the same conditions.
Fertilization
Golden Delicious is diploid, partially self-fertile, and produces as compared to other apples a lot of pollen. Suitable pollinators are Braeburn, Cox Orange, Milwa, Elstar, Gala, Idared, Pinova, Rubinette and Summerred.
Partial chemicals are used to prevent russeting on apples.
Storage
In Germany, Golden Delicious holds in the fresh air bearing to December. In CA storage it is stable until about June also. Under optimal conditions, Golden Delicious holds until the next harvest. The apples can be stored refrigerated until March, in CA storage, the apple in Europe holds until July. Optimal conditions in CA storage depend on the region. They are between 1 and 3 per cent of oxygen, and 0 to 4 percent carbon dioxide -0.5 to 2 degrees Celsius.
Damage to the skin apples are susceptible to storage decay. To avoid wrinkly skin, this is usually waxed before storage.
Vulnerabilities and resistances
Golden Delicous is very susceptible to apple scab. The tree is not recommended for home and gardens lovers.
Scald occurs in some growing areas on the camp, but is prevented by the storage in CA storage. The mildew susceptibility depends on the producing region, is in Baden- Württemberg, for example, hardly available. Golden Delicious is susceptible to rust fungi of Gymnosporangium clavipes and the type Gymnosporangium juniperi - virginianae, as well as against the Apfelblutlaus. To fire blight of apple is medium resistant, and one of the few apples it is resistant to canker of fruit trees.
Use
Golden Delicious is a dessert apple. He breaks down when cooking and baking hardly, and is therefore suitable for culinary use, where the apple should still be recognizable as such. It is used for applesauce and baby food.
From Golden Delicious is a fruit brandy is produced, which has about as well as Williams -Christ- fire on a distinctive flavor.
Mutants
How widespread of all apple varieties, many mutants have come onto the market. At least 60 different variants were grown commercially in the meantime. Several other variants differ, for example in the degree of russeting, coloring, fruit size, tree size, biennial bearing or resistance to mildew. In Europe, the mutants 'Golden Clone B ' and ' Golden Reinders ' are common, which are both less russeting than the original form, are widely used in Europe ' Parsi de rosa ', ' Leratess Pink Gold ' and ' Smothee '. In the U.S., the mutant ' Smothee ' widespread. ' Clone B ' is a free version that can be propagated commercially by anyone without violating irgenwelche plant variety rights. ' Reinders ' and ' Smothee ' are both protected by trademark law, ' Parsi de rosa ', ' Leratess Pink Gold ' brand and varietal legally, they all must be licensed for cultivation.
' Reinders ' is the newer of the two main European mutants, and is planted since the 1990s. In this case, ' Reinders ' less russeting on as ' clone B'. ' Reinders ' is also green in color and pointed shaped as a ' clone B'. The harvest Remote Rochester - the period in which the apple can be harvested - is at ' Reinders ' smaller than ' clone B'. While ' clone B' up to three weeks can be harvested without significant loss of quality, drop ' Reinders' apples about two weeks after the beginning of picking maturity from the tree. ' Clone B ' has been discovered in the United States in 1936, and widespread since the 1960s in Europe. With its wide dissemination prominent characteristics of ' clone B', such as the shape and conspicuous lenticels apply now as typical of the whole species. From ' clone B' in turn are further variants in the trade. ' Leratess Pink Gold ' has a slightly higher sugar content than ' clone B, and a more popular among many consumers light red color. However, he also tends to russets, and the color development is uneven. ' Parsi de rosa ' has the typical form of ' clone B ', also pronounced lenticels, but has a more pronounced red body color and a significantly smoother skin as a ' clone B'.
In the United States ' Smothee ' most widespread. The variant dates back to 1958 and since 1967 has been in the trade. In Europe it is common since the 1980s. ' Smothee ' shows significantly less russeting than the original form, and is of the commercially popular mutants stainless poorest. ' Smothee ' has higher yields than the standard form, but can also be difficult to thin out. In practice, the harvested apples are therefore generally smaller than that of the other variants.
Common mutants, for example, ' strong track Golden Delicious ', ' Golden Glory ', ' Gold Trail ', ' Lutz ', ' Lysgolden ' and ' Belgolden '. Other largely berostungsfreie mutants, but they are not yet widely used are, ' Mema Golden ' and ' Golden Orange', both of which have a reddish tint back on the sunny side. 'Golden Orange' is also comparatively scab, however, sensitive to pressure and less storable than other mutants. Occur even in commercial cultivation: ' Anglia ', ' Anvil Super -Golden ', ' Ba -Wü ', ' Belgolden Champagne ', ' Bovey 85 ', ' Crielaard ', ' Dania ', ' Denmark ', ' Dould ', 'Early Gold ', ' Elbee ', ' Ellis No. 1 ', ' Frazier Goldspur ',' Golden Eyre ',' Golden slit ',' Goldenir ',' Gold Sheen ',' Haidegg ',' Harvey ',' clone 85 ',' clone 88 ',' Lutz Golden ',' Mauch ',' Missouri ',' Nania ',' Oregon ',' pearl mountain Sci. 2 ', ' Primrose ',' Resista ',' pink gold ',' Rugginosa ',' Rugos ', ' Russet Golden ', ' sans Rugos ',' Switzerland ',' Shay ',' Smith ',' Stark Golden ' ' Sturdyspur ', ' Sundale ', ' Tester track ', ' Vinson ', ' vineyard ', ' Whisley ' and 'Yellow track '.
Varieties which are descended from Golden Delicious
' Jonagold '
' Elstar '
' Delcorf '
Golden Delicious has long been the world standard for a good yield. Golden Delicious is comparatively easy to rearing. Its taste could prevail worldwide. Therefore, the variety has been used in many breeding programs to inherit these properties. Golden Delicious is one of the five varieties, on the back a large part of today traded on the world market apples. Golden Delicious' is parent variety of several varieties that are traded around the world today, his descendants today dominate the global market. Among them are global planted varieties such as ' Elstar ', ' Jonagold ', ' Gala ', ' Cripps Pink', as well as several places like lovers ' Rubinette ' and ' Pinova '. Are also grown commercially on a larger scale ' Mutsu ' ' Arlet ', ' Delblush ', ' Delcorf ', ' Creston ', ' Summerred ', ' Fu Shuai ', ' Sekaiichi ', ' Shizuka ', ' Pirella ', ' Kinsei ' ' Sweet Caroline ', ' Falstaff ', ' Xinguan ', ' Tsugaru ', ' Shamrock ', ' Orin ', ' Maigold ', ' Delbard Jubile ', ' Sir Prize ', ' GoldRush ', ' Primiera ', ' Ariwa ',' Florina ',' Princesa ',' Enterprise ',' Baujade ',' Freedom ',' Priam ' Prima ', and ' UEB 32642 ' (brand name Opal).