Goldfish

Goldfish

The goldfish is a freshwater fish of the carp family (Cyprinidae ) and a pet. Created about a thousand years ago in the eastern China through breeding selection, the goldfish is the oldest known pet, which is held as entertainment and breeding ground without direct economic benefits.

Characteristics and peculiarities

Gold fish have a bony skeleton and reach depending on breed form a total length up to 35 centimeters. About one-third remain smaller for the varieties bred in aquariums. As buoyancy organ serves them the two-chamber swim bladder, which is connected at the rear of by an air bladder duct, the ductus pneumaticus with the foregut. Like all carp fish have goldfish no stomach. Goldfish jaws are toothless. In the mouth, however, sit strong pharyngeal teeth. The shot with the wide mouth food is vorstülpbaren between these pharyngeal teeth and a lying opposite, very massive bony gummy plate, the so-called carp stone, crushed. The actual digestion takes place in the intestines of the fish. As with all members of the genus Carassius which were extensively perfused gills are adapted to low-oxygen water due to their structure and permeability. The goldfish body is - with the exception of Varietätengruppe " Oranda " which has a scaleless head nursery - complete with scales, and equipped with a fully pronounced sidelines. Goldfish eyes have the ability to tetrachromatischem color vision. That is, they have four different cone types. In addition to three types of cones, which correspond approximately to those in the human eye, they have an additional UV cones. In addition, goldfish hear about in the same frequency range as humans. Sound waves are collected by the swim bladder and passed over the Weberian apparatus to the inner ear.

Systematics and Ethnicity

Carl Linnaeus, the founder of the binary nomenclature, author of the first scientific description of a goldfish. In his Systema Naturae he gives him on page 527 the names of species Cyprinus auratus. Linnaeus called rivers in China and Japan as the origin, but already points to the widespread custom in China to maintain goldfish in ornately decorated ceramic vessels. At this time, goldfish were domesticated in China for 750 years. Linnaeus had so a pet breed with a scientific species name is, which is not possible according to the international rules of zoological nomenclature. The name of the species Carassius auratus repeatedly cited for the goldfish is therefore not available, not even for a different kind, and invalid. In his end of the 18th century edited "Natural History of the foreign fish " quotes Marcus Eliezer Bloch Linnaeus and leads the goldfish on two panels (93 and 94) as Cyprinus auratus, and again, on board 410, as Cyprinus macrophthalmus. But this he himself writes: "Whether he constituting a separate species or just a random variation of the golden carp sey, I did not trust myself to decide for themselves ." Also this species name is not available. The natural origin of the goldfish has long been controversial. The initial assumption, it is from the now world widely used as neozoon crucian carp, Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), from, is refuted by classical morphometric comparisons. According to the prevailing morphologically and physiologically reasonable opinion goldfish are descended from the widespread across the Eurasian continent gable, Marcus Eliezer Bloch in 1782 first described as Cyprinus gibelio scientifically. This extremely variable in appearance freshwater fish species was later transferred to the genus Carassius Nilsson 1832. Kladistisch working ichthyologists come when they split the Eurasian carp fish to a different conclusion, which no phylogenetic consistency is based. Final clarity will create only comparative studies of the genetic material of gables and gold fish.

Within the crucian carp species, the gable stands out for the ability to gynogenetischer reproduction. The gable spawning must not be fertilized by the sperm of a male the same species, it is enough the penetrating sperm into the egg of another Karpfenfischart to initiate egg development. To this imperfect reproduction even the goldfish are capable of and it is a basic tool for the proliferation of so-called high- breeding ( schleiferflossige breed standards ). Ultimately, gynogenesis is also the most important evidence of the descent of the goldfish.

Pets are not traditionally occupied with scientific species names. It is usual to provide the genus and species names with an addition, which refers to the Domestikationsform is. That is the correct scientific name for the goldfish Carassius auratus gibelio format ( Bloch, 1782 ).

The goldfish as neozoon

Goldfish are typical carp fish and have, with the exception of anatomic and organically modified cultivated forms, of all state properties and behaviors of the pediment. That is, they are generalists who can einnischen outside the polar zones in all freshwater habitats. For various reasons exposed by people, the goldfish is therefore often worldwide neozoon that successfully competes with the original fish fauna. Gold fish live with the exception of Antarctica on all continents, islands and brackish water areas have been due to their high salinity developed.

Importance

Normal goldfish and all derived varieties are the world's most widely traded and pets. In addition to the classic fish farming countries of Southeast and East Asia also supply wholesale nurseries in Italy, Florida and Israel to the world market. In its country of origin China and in Japan, where the breed began schleierflossiger races, the cultural significance has received as happiness and fertility. In the last century goldfish were important experimental animals the physiological and behavioral science research. Some varieties, especially those with selected anomalies of the skull and the eyes are in Western Europe in the discussion about the so-called torture breeds, because it is assumed that they are limited in their expressions of life partially or significantly.

Known breeding forms

• Comet tail ( Comet )
• Shubunkin
• Wakin
• Jikin ( peacock tailed )
• Veil tail ( Veiltail )
• Oranda or the Dutch lion head
• Blackmoor
• Telescopic eye
• Fantail Fantail o
• Perlschupper
• Eggs Fish
• Lion's Head
• Ranchu ( buffalo head)
• Stargazer ( Celestial )
• Bobble
• Bubble eye (large bubbles)
• Toads eye ( small bubbles)
• Ryukin
• Tancho
• Demekin
• Guckyn
• Meteor
• Tosakin ( Tosa )
• Watonai ( Waryu )
• Kinranshi (Golden Murk-Eye )
• Sarasa

• Shukin

• Hanafusa (nose bouquet )

• Nankin

• Osaka Ranchu (Osaka buffalo head)