Group 11 element

In the group 11 of the periodic table the elements copper, the two precious metals silver and gold and the element produced starting in 1994, contained 111 Roentgenium. The group is also called copper group. Because of their traditional use of copper, silver and gold are designated as coinage metals.

Occurrence

The elements of the copper group are known to the Roentgenium since ancient times and all come in elemental form.

Purification of the crude metals is carried out by electrolytic refining (copper refining ).

• The metals

Silver, Kristalldendrit, > 99.95 %

Gold crystals ≈ 99.99 %

Properties

The electronic configuration of the elements (n -1) d10ns1. With the alkali metals are used only conditionally; as the halides of group 11 - Elements of covalent and less soluble than the alkali halides, also have Cu, Ag, Au significantly higher ionization energies and sublimation energies, from which the nobler character results.

The oxidation states 1 and 3 are common, 4 and 5 are less frequent. Complexes are formed in all stages, there is a somewhat unusual linear coordination for 1.

The Group 11 metals crystallize face-centered cubic.