Guitarfish

Rhinobatos lentiginosus

The violin (Rhinobatidae ( Gr. " rhine " = Hai, Lat: . " Batis " = rays) ), have recently been described, as the animals are called in English "Guitar Fish" as a guitar sharks, are a primitive family of rays ( Batoidea ). They live in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, usually in tropical coastal waters. They rarely go into the brackish waters of estuaries.

Appearance

In the shape of a guitar fish you can still see the shark-like ancestors of skates. Your body is not as disk shaped like that of many other ray. Stingrays are elongated and reach body lengths of 43 cm ( Rhinobatos annandalei ) to 3 meters ( Rhina Ancylostoma ). They have two dorsal fins, located behind the pelvic fins, and a tail fin. On the back rows of small prickles find. A larger tail sting is missing. The mouth is adapted to their food (crustaceans, molluscs), set with numerous small, blunt teeth.

Reproduction

Like most rays are the stingrays viviparous ( Ovoviviparie ). The fry are born fully developed.

System

Rajiformes

Jitter Roche -behaved ( Torpediniformes )

Thorn - back guitar sharks ( Platyrhinoidei )

Guitarfish I ( Aptychotrema, Trygonorrhina, Zapteryx )

Guitarfish II ( Rhinobatos )

Sawfish ( Pristidae )

Guitarfish III ( Glaucostegus )

Rhynchobatus

Round head guitarfish ( Rhina )

Stingray -like ( Myliobatiformes )

The guitar fish family in 1835 set up by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. In most cases, it was considered a primitive group of rays, which are at the beginning of the Roche family tree and they were placed in a separate order, the assigned Rhinobatiformes or Rajiformes. Today, it is fairly certain that the stingrays are a paraphyletic group, ie Although they go back to a common ancestral form, the taxon but does not include all descended from this stem-form shapes. Thus, the sawfish ( Pristidae ) are deep within a larger Geigenrochenklade. For this clade is the sister group of the stingray -like ( Myliobatiformes ), the new order name " Rhinopristiformes " has been proposed. Another violin Roche Group ( the genera Aptychotrema, Trygonorrhina and Zapteryx ) are the sister group of the clade of " Rhinopristiformes " and Myliobatiformes.

Today, about 55 species are counted in three subfamilies of the guitarfish:

  • Subfamily Rhinobatinae genus Aptychotrema Aptychotrema rostrata ( Shaw, 1794)
  • Aptychotrema timorensis load, 2004
  • Aptychotrema vincentiana ( Haacke, 1885)
  • Glaucostegus granulatus Cuvier, 1829
  • Halavs guitarfish ( Glaucostegus halavi ) ( Forsskål, 1775)
  • Glaucostegus typus Anonymous [ Bennett ], 1830
  • Rhinobatos albomaculatus Norman, 1930
  • Rhinobatos annandalei Norman, 1926
  • Rhinobatos annulatus Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Rhinobatos blochii Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Rhinobatos cemiculus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817
  • Rhinobatos formosensis Norman, 1926
  • Rhinobatos glaucostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
  • Rhinobatos granulatus Cuvier 1829
  • Rhinobatos holcorhynchus Norman, 1922
  • Rhinobatos horkelii Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Richardson, 1846
  • Rhinobatos irvinei Norman, 1931
  • Rhinobatos jimbaranensis load, White & Fahmi, 2006
  • Rhinobatos lentiginosus Garman, 1880
  • Rhinobatos leucorhynchus ( Günther, 1867)
  • Rhinobatos leucospilus Norman, 1926
  • Rhinobatos lionotus Norman, 1926
  • Rhinobatos microphthalmus Teng, 1959
  • Rhinobatos nudidorsalis load, Compagno & Nakaya, 2004
  • Rhinobatos obtusus Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Rhinobatos ocellatus Norman, 1926
  • Rhinobatos penggali load, White & Fahmi, 2006
  • Rhinobatos percellens ( Walbaum, 1792)
  • Rhinobatos petiti Chabanaud, 1929
  • Rhinobatos planiceps Garman, 1880
  • Rhinobatos prahli Acero P. & Franke, 1995
  • Pacific stingrays ( Rhinobatos productus ) ( Ayres, 1854)
  • Red Sea guitarfish ( Rhinobatos punctifer ) Compagno & Randall, 1987
  • Rhinobatos Rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Rhinobatos salalah Randall & Compagno, 1995
  • Schlegel guitarfish ( Rhinobatos schlegelii ) Müller & Henle, 1841
  • Rhinobatos spinosus Gunther, 1870
  • Rhinobatos Thouin ( Anonymous, 1798)
  • Rhinobatos variegatus Nair & Lal Mohan, 1973
  • Rhinobatos zanzibarensis Norman, 1926
  • Tarsistes philippii Jordan, 1919
  • Trygonorrhina dumerilii ( Castelnau 1873)
  • Trygonorrhina fasciata ( Müller & Henle, 1841)
  • Trygonorrhina melaleuca Scott, 1954
  • Zapteryx brevirostris ( Müller & Henle, 1841)
  • Zapteryx exasperata ( Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)
  • Zapteryx xyster Jordan & Evermann, 1896
  • Genus Rhina
  • Genus Rhynchobatus

A fourth subfamily, Platyrhininae, prepared according to recent studies, is the sister group of the shake -like Roche ( Torpediniformes ) and was promoted to the rank of a separate family ( Platyrhinidae ) and subordination ( Platyrhinoidei ) provided.

Phylogeny

The stingrays appear as the first rays in the Upper Jurassic to the fossil record. The genera Aellopos and Asterodermus are known from the Solnhofen limestone. Another guitarfish is Rhombopterygia from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. The recent violin Roche genera Rhinobatos, Trygonorrhina and Zapteryx are in the fossil record since the Lower Cretaceous and the Eocene.

Asterodermus platypterus

Rhinobatos hakelensis

Rhinobatos whitfieldi

Spathobatis bugesiacus

Shovelnose guitarfish David Starr Jordan John Richardson (naturalist) Samuel Garman Johann Julius Walbaum William Orville Ayres Rhina, Hesse Joseph S. Nelson FishBase
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