Hydrogen station

A hydrogen filling station is a tank including tapping device or a gas station for hydrogen, usually located on a street or highway or even in-house. Highways, where there are a number of hydrogen filling stations are referred to as hydrogen highways.

• 4.3.1 Germany
• 4.3.2 Austria
• 4.3.3 Switzerland
• 4.3.4 Scandinavia

Offer

Offered are different forms of hydrogen:

• Liquid hydrogen (LH2 ) temperature to -253 ° C at max. 16.5 bar
• Gaseous hydrogen (GH2 ) Temperature 20 ° C at 250/350 bar
• Gaseous hydrogen (GH2 ) Temperature -40 ° C at 700 bar

In May 2011, the price was a kg of hydrogen: 8.099 eur / kg Thus, a fuel cell vehicle, the current generation drive about 100 km.

A list of all hydrogen filling stations and their geographical location is posted on the internet at the link http://www.h2stations.org/. This directory is constantly being updated.

Supply of hydrogen filling stations

An acceptable for everyday use distribution infrastructure currently exists only on a small scale over a small number of hydrogen filling stations. In the opinion of Reitzle ( Chief Executive Officer of Linde AG), which refers to the report by David Hart, the cost of construction of such infrastructure should be low. There are different possibilities for supply of hydrogen. The mentioned study is based on the currently most common variant with central generation and distribution of liquid hydrogen ( LH2) by supra insulated tankers. However, at least 20 % of the initial energy is required for hydrogen liquefaction 20.27 Kelvin ( -253 ° C). In addition evaporates due to unavoidable insulation losses a portion of the hydrogen from the cryogenic storage tank if no continuous consumption is saved. Thus, the outgassing begins at BMW Hydogen7 with liquid hydrogen tank after 17 hours standing time, after nine days is half full tank evaporates. For large industrial tanks, the percentage losses are lower. But only in stationary liquid hydrogen tanks with industrial use regular extraction is guaranteed what the evaporation losses are minimized.

Depending on the needs of the liquid hydrogen is passed from the tank directly to the LH2 tank column or vaporized and then with an ionic compressor or a piston compressor at 350 bar and 700 bar compressed. In fuel cell vehicles of all vehicle manufacturers the supply is favored at 700 bar now. The refueling at 700 bar takes on a full tank of 4 kg less than 3 minutes.

A further possibility is to reform natural gas or biogas or locally to hydrogen to generate electricity using a hydrogen from the electrolyzer ( regenerative ). Electrolysis of water or gas reforming on site with small appliances can not be performed as efficiently as a central production by large-scale technology with high throughput. The method can, however, at gas stations away from supply routes and still be economical with low turnover amount.

The Brandenburg Enertrag supplied in a pilot project from the summer of 2011, the Total petrol stations of Berlin with hydrogen generated from excess electricity their wind farms with a 500 kW electrolyser.

The method with the lowest loss rate is the delivery of gaseous hydrogen via pipeline and subsequent compaction on site. This is realized, for example, for the hydrogen fueling station in Hürth near Cologne, which is supplied from the hydrogen network Rhein- Ruhr, which extends over 240 km and offers to connect to other stations.

Development of the retail network

Since the turn of the millennium there are gas stations worldwide that offer hydrogen. Iceland has started in 2003 as part of the nationwide initiative to introduce a hydrogen economy in order to set up hydrogen fueling stations. Even some gas stations in Germany (including Shell and Total ) offer as part of the Clean Energy Partnership ( CEP) of hydrogen. Bustankstellen under the " Clean Urban Transport for Europe program" is only available in a few European cities.

In California, "hydrogen highway " program hydrogen filling stations set up by the " California Fuel Cell Partnership " and Arnold Schwarzenegger. In Washington, D.C. there is in the Benning Road Shell petrol station that also offers hydrogen. President George W. Bush has made ​​headlines in order to visit the gas station. The third hydrogen filling station in the USA packed in Dearborn, Michigan in 1999 and was financed by Ford.

Japan has a number of hydrogen filling stations, which are operated by JHFC (Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project ) to test different hydrogen technologies.

The gas station in Surrey was the first in the world, offering the hydrogen at a pressure of 70 MPa and is the oldest part of the network that offers 2002 hydrogen since March. Under the British Columbia Hydrogen Highway exist, 2011 in Canada 6 stations between Vancouver and Whistler. A total of 2011 in Canada 14 hydrogen filling stations in various cities in operation.

The AGIP multi-energy station at the Höchst Industrial Park in Frankfurt offers a wide range of current fuels. In addition to the usual petrol and diesel fuels are natural gas ( CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG ) and hydrogen in three different versions (350 bar = 35 MPa, 700 bar, 70 MPa and liquid) offered. The supply of hydrogen is made using a 1.7 -km-long pipeline from the industrial park. A second station of this kind arises in Mantua / Lombardy (Italy).

The Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership wants to build a network of 15 hydrogen filling stations and 30 local offices in Norway, Sweden and Denmark by 2015.

To obtain a comprehensive network in Germany, about 1000 hydrogen fueling stations are required. The Daimler Group, in cooperation with Linde AG (June 2011) an additional 20 hydrogen filling stations build first continuous connections on the north -south and to ensure the East-West axis. On 20 June 2012 this project from the " Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development " was a grant of 20 million euros pledged by the power of previously existing 14 to expand by 2015 to 50 hydrogen filling stations.

A hydrogen fueling station costs about 1-1.5 million euros.

Stations by country

America

In South America, there are only three gas stations, two in Brazil, one in Argentina. In North America there are only hydrogen filling stations in Canada and the United States. In the U.S., 15 stations are currently 58 in Canada operated. There are a total of 57 stations in both countries in planning, two in Hawaii.

Asia

In Asia, in March 2012, 46 gas stations in operation and 13 in the pipeline. In Turkey, a filling station, two are planned.

East Asia

In China, in March 2012, seven gas stations in operation and three in planning. In Japan, in March 2012, 23 gas stations in operation and two in the pipeline. In South Korea in March 2012, 10 gas stations in operation and two in the pipeline. In India, two gas stations are planned in operation and two more. In Pakistan, a gas station is planned. In Indonesia, a filling station. In Taiwan, two gas stations are planned in operation and a.

Europe

In Europe, a total of 67 stations are operated in August 2011; another 40 are planned. In the Czech Republic is one in the Netherlands, Iceland and Greece are two, in Spain, France and Belgium, four in Italy and five filling stations in operation. In the UK, nine stations, including one in the Hebrides, operated.

In Italy, eleven, ten in the UK, the Netherlands and two in Belgium and Spain ever planned a gas station or in construction.

Germany

In Germany there are about 40 hydrogen fueling stations, of which 7 are operated publicly. To obtain a comprehensive network in Germany, about 1000 hydrogen fueling stations are required. The Daimler Group declared in 2011, in cooperation with Linde to build an additional 20 hydrogen filling stations to ensure continuous connections on the North -South and East- West axis .. The Federal Ministry of Transport plans in cooperation with the companies Daimler, Linde, Air Products, Air Cash and Total 2015 a nationwide network of some 50 hydrogen filling stations in Germany. As part of the National Innovation Programme for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology (NIP ) to the power of today Germany's 14 hydrogen stations to be expanded to a total of 50 locations. The grant amounts to around 20 million euros. ( As at 28 June 2012) A hydrogen filling station will cost about 1 to 1.5 million euros.

Austria

Switzerland

In addition to the powered in Fällanden are two hydrogen filling stations in planning or construction.

Scandinavia

In Scandinavia in March 2012, 20 gas stations in operation and 10 in the pipeline. 12 stations are already in operation in Denmark. In addition, a gas station on the Danish mainland and planned another one in the Danish autonomous territory Greenland. In Sweden, three gas stations are in operation and three in planning, while in Norway as early as 4 stations are operated and 5 are planned. In Finland, a filling station.