Hypnales

Ctenidium molluscum

The Hypnales are an order of mosses. They contain the majority of the pleurokarpen mosses. They are spread all over the world and often everywhere.

Features

The Hypnales are creeping, prostrate plants. You only have a reduced or absent central strand in the stems. The trunk is covered with Paraphyllien or Pseudoparaphyllien, which are scale-like leaves at the Astprimordien. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, often with a sheet vane. The midrib is usually reduced or absent. The lamina cells are elongated ( prosenchymatisch ).

The Sporogon sits on a long seta. The peristome always consists of two rows of teeth. The calyptra has the form of a cap and is smooth.

Habitat and Occurrence

The order is cosmopolitan and widespread forms of forest soils and peatlands often mass stocks. The Hypnales are fossil evidence only since the Tertiary. From this and from the progressively reduced vascular tissues, leaf veins can be concluded that they are a phylogenetically young group.

System

The Hypnales are the most species-rich moss - order with around 4,200 species, which is about a third of mosses.

Recent genetic studies have shown that the Fabroniaceae is the sister group of all other Hypnales. The first branch consists of the Catagoniaceae. From this study it follows that a portion of the remaining taxa are probably polyphyletic ( Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Brachytheciaceae ), and other paraphyletic ( Lepyrodontaceae includes Stereophyllaceae, part of the Brachytheciaceae includes Symphyodontaceae and two separate parts of the Lembophyllaceae, part of the Neckeraceae comprises the remaining Brachytheciaceae, another part of the Lembophyllaceae includes Rigodiaceae and Pterigynandraceae and a second portion of the Neckeraceae ). The rest of the families, the third part of Neckeraceae and the fourth part of Lembophyllaceae are probably monophyletic.

Families

Amblystegiaceae Anomodontaceae · · · Antitrichiaceae Brachytheciaceae Calliergonaceae · · · Catagoniaceae Climaciaceae Cryphaeaceae · · · Echinodiaceae Entodontaceae Fabroniaceae · · · Fontinalaceae Habrodontaceae Heterocladiaceae · · · Hylocomiaceae Hypnaceae Lembophyllaceae · · · Lepyrodontaceae Leskeaceae Leucodontaceae · · · Meteoriaceae Microtheciellaceae Myriniaceae · · · Myuriaceae Neckeraceae · Orthorrhynchiaceae Phyllogoniaceae · · · Plagiotheciaceae Prionodontaceae Pseudoleskeaceae · · · Pseudoleskeellaceae Pterigynandraceae Pterobryaceae · · · Pylaisiaceae Pylaisiadelphaceae Regmatodontaceae · · · Rhytidiaceae Rutenbergiaceae Scorpidiaceae · · · Sematophyllaceae Sorapillaceae Sterophyllaceae · · · Symphydontaceae Theliaceae · · Thuidiaceae Trachylomataceae