Jewish hat

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The Jewish hat was a dome-shaped or tapered wide-brimmed hat with a knob on the vertex ( " pileum cornutum " = horned hat). From the 11th to the 14th century it was a common ingredient in the Ashkenazi Jewish men costume.

The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 called on the secular rulers to undertake population groups such as Jews, Saracens and Muslims to support a specific identifier that was regionally define. Has been implemented in some European countries during this request, even if not by stipulation of the Judenhutes, but with other characteristics that happened only slowly in Germany. There demanded especially in the 14th century several particular councils, the codification of that hat as a sign for the Jews, which helped the Jewish hat as previously voluntarily worn part of the Jewish garb disappeared more and more.

Since the 15th century it was with other characteristics, usually a yellow or red ring or circle, replaced. Even in Islamic countries was required of other faiths, to bring their own mark on their clothing. However, the practical effect of such claims has remained low. The identification should the Jews hinder contact with Christians. So you facilitated their social control and provoked by the stigmatizing effect also assaults.

In the later Middle Ages, Christians were sometimes condemned as Schandstrafe for carrying a Judenhutes, for example, women who had become involved with Jews, or usurer. Iconographically the Jewish hat in Germany was used to identify males as Jews, even if they had worn no Judenhut in reality how Old Testament people unclothed illustrated in biblical representations or convicted criminals.

Only with the emancipation of the Jews in some nation-states of Europe since 1789, the identification of the Jews was abolished. In the early 19th century, the German philosopher Jakob Friedrich Fries Jews demanded in his writing about the risks related prosperity and character of the Germans by the Jews (published in 1816) that they differed " a sign on their clothes " from the rest of the population and designated as " vermin ".

The Nazis took the historical tradition of discriminatory and stigmatizing dress code since 1941 ( in occupied Poland since 1939) back on by prescribed Jews to wear a Jewish star both in the ghettos and in the public and in all transport. Many of their anti-Semitic laws had ecclesiastical medieval models, but were a preparation for the planned extermination of European Jewry and the complete destruction of the European Jews.