John Draper
John Thomas Draper aka Captain Crunch ( born 1944 ) is an American hacker and software developer. From him comes the implementation of the Forth programming language and the first word processor for Apple computers, "Easy Writer". In the 1970s, Draper worked with the hacking and was thus a pioneer of circumvention of technical barriers. He made the phone phreaking by using the Bluebox known, so you could make free calls to analog telephone times, and came to jail. Draper was a member of the Homebrew Computer Club.
Life
John Draper studied engineering and occupied his leisure with radios. In the 60 years he worked as a technician for the U.S. Air Force.
Nicknamed Captain Crunch Draper gave himself after a manner known in the U.S. breakfast cereal brand called Cap'n Crunch. The packages was during a promotion at a toy flute, which could produce two tones. One of them had the frequency of 2600 hertz ( In music called e'' ''). If this whistle sound in the phone, it was - with two additional codes - in the position to lead the world free calls to the analog telephone world of the 1970s; then ran the signaling data ( ie who while on the phone ) and the spoken words on the same line ( in-band signaling). Later, the telephone companies separated the signals ( out-band signaling), so this manipulation was no longer possible. Draper had received his advice phreaking by a student in California, with whom he came into contact with the test of a pirate radio station.
The blind young man Joe Engressia alias Joybubbles had discovered the special features of phone frequencies. He could whistle the required 2600 Hertz without flute with her mouth. Draper made this hack popular. With the help of friends, he managed to develop the methods of phone phreaking, they took 2600 Hz on tape and were able to " manipulate " any phone ( Blue Boxing). The method used a weakness of the dual tone system (DTMF; engl: Dual Tone Multi-Frequency. ) From. While Draper looked at the global free phone call as a technical phenomenon and published about criminals took advantage of the technique of Bluebox quickly for their own purposes from.
Draper often led his own telephone calls over seven countries around the world back to himself to which he brought about a delay of 20 seconds or these made audible. Even the Mafia was interested in his knowledge. In 1971, the hippies discovered diverse options in connection with this method of free telephoning. A more militant branch of the hippies, known as Yippies, founded a magazine, the Youth International Party Line ( YIPL ) was called and the aim of which was to show different possibilities of phone fraud and publish.
John Draper was finally arrested in 1971 by the FBI because the American telephone company AT & T had reported him for it and a journalist named Ron Rosenbaum got wind of it. 1972 Draper was sentenced to five years' probation. Later Draper came into conflict with the law: the period from October 1976 to February 1977 he spent in state prison Lompoc, California.
In the 70s Draper concluded acquaintance with the future Apple founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. They gave him repeatedly orders. So he developed during his time in custody in California, the program Easy Writer, the first word processor that came with the Apple II. Later Draper ported the program for IBM PCs. Also, the programming environment, tailored to the Apple II version of the Forth programming language, descended from himself