Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
The United Institute of Nuclear Research (Russian Объединённый институт ядерных исследований ( ОИЯИ ), English JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) is the largest research center for nuclear and particle physics in Russia. It is internationally oriented and located in Dubna near Moscow.
History
The Institute was founded in 1956 in order to obtain a common center for nuclear and particle physics for the socialist countries as a counterpart to the founding of CERN in the West. Of the Member States that were involved at the Institute included not only the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, the GDR and temporarily China. After the dissolution of the USSR, in addition to Russia 17 countries members: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Cuba, North Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania. There is cooperation with 712 institutions from 57 countries, including institutions in Germany and the U.S. and it concluded with Egypt, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Serbia and South Africa at the government level agreements on cooperation.
The top Leitungsrat ( of scholars ) was besides the Director and representatives of the Institute made up of three representatives of the member countries. In the early years, the Institute also served as the training of nuclear physicists of the member countries, with a focus was laid down on exclusively peaceful use of nuclear energy in the statutes.
The director and the laboratory director be elected by the upheaval in the Soviet Union in 1990 to five years, we shall endeavor to fill the positions regardless of the country of origin and the basis of scientific skills and it was next to Russian English introduced as a second official language.
In 1957 the particle accelerator of the Institute synchrophasotron in operation. As his successor, went into operation in 1992, the nuclotron. In Dubna, among other scientists such as Bruno Pontecorvo, Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov, Gersch Izkowitsch Budker, Vladimir Iosifovich Weksler, Georgi Nikolaevich Fljorow ( Flerov ), Yakov Abramovich Smorodinski, Vadim Georgijewitsch Solovyov, Semyon Solomonovich Gerschtein, Ilya Frank, Wilen Mitrofanovich Strutinski, Vitaly Iosifovich worked Goldanski, Václav Votruba, Wang Ganchang and Germany, among others, Heinz pose, Heinz Barwich, Sigurd Hofmann, Christian Spiering.
In addition to the nuclotron there is the U- 400 and U - 400M cyclotrons for experiments for the synthesis of heavy and exotic nuclei, the IBR -2 reactor for generation of pulsed neutron beams, which is operational since 1984 and for studies in nuclear physics and neutron scattering in the solid-state physics is used, and a proton accelerator phasotron of the Institute of nuclear problems, which is used in addition to physical research and for cancer therapy.
The Institute is known for the discovery of the following elements of the periodic table: rutherfordium (1964 ), Dubnium (1967 ), seaborgium (1974 ), Flerovium ( Island of Stability, 1999), Livermorium (2001), Ununtrium (2004), Ununpentium (2004 ), Ununoctium (2006) and recently Ununseptium (2010). In naming it came to Elementnamensgebungskontroversen.
While the Institute in the late 1980s still had 7,000 employees, it was greatly reduced after the turn of the 1990s and the Institute was struggling with financial problems. Today ( 2011) work there 5000 employees, including 1200 scientists and engineers in 2000.
There are seven institutions. The oldest is the Institute for Nuclear Problems, which was founded in 1947 and a 560 MeV synchrocyclotron operation, which then moved to the Institute after Dubna.
Since 1995, the JINR gives the Bruno Pontecorvo Prize for Physics and since 1993 the Flerov Prize for nuclear physics.
Directors of the Institute
- Dmitri Ivanovich Blochinzew (1956-1965)
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov (1966-1988)
- Dezso Kiss (1989-1991)
- Vladimir Kadyschewski (1992-2005)
- Alexei Sissakjan (2006-2010)
- Mikhail Grigoryevich Itkis (since 2010)