Kaissa
Kaissa (Russian: Каисса ) was a Soviet chess program, which in 1974 won the first World Computer Chess Championship. It was named after the fictional goddess Caissa Chess. The Elo rating Kaissas was around in 1600.
Kaissa was developed by Vladimir Arlasarow, Alexander Bitman, Georgy Adelson - Welski, Alexander Schiwotowski and Anatoly Uskov and later improved by Mikhail Donskoy. It was developed Physics and the Institute for Systems Science in Moscow at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental. In 1974 the program included 384 kilobytes assembly code.
It contained mechanisms as a predecessor of Nullzugsuche, could be determined by the kaissa threats. It could understand analogies position and had a tree search with alpha-beta search mechanisms.
In 1972, the program played two correspondence matches ( 1 draw, 1 loss ) against the readers of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda and thereby gained notoriety in the Soviet Union.
Kaissa was from 1974 to 1977 world computer chess champion. It won the first four rounds lasting World Cup in Stockholm, attended by 13 programs in August 1974. It had 10,000 trains in the opening book and ran on a mainframe ICL. The ICL 4/70 had a 64- bit processor, 24,000 bytes of RAM and was able to process 900,000 instructions per second, which is enough for around 200 positions per second. The developer team of the purchase and use of an IBM computer was banned, although this would have been possibly more. At the World Championships, the program over a ICL in Moscow and a telephone connection participated since the Stockholm ICL computer in need of specially made operating system could not have run the program.
The Soviet government made Kaissas to stop the development because they considered this a waste of time. Nevertheless, the program took part in another world championships.
In 1977 it reached at the second World Cup a split second to third place, while CHESS 4.6 won. In the third World Championship 1980 kaissa was obtained during a performance of 1634 Elo the shared sixth to eleventh place, while Belle and chaos shared the victory.
Kaissa played at the 2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977 in Toronto one of the most remarkable features of the Computer chess history. On the 34th the train pulled the program at first glance completely incomprehensible Re7 - e8, which loses the replacement tower. First, the audience believed in a program error, but it turned out that after lying on hand 34 Kg8 - g7 Matt a compelling combination was possible ...: 35 Qa8 -f8 Kg7xf8 36 Be3 - h6 Lf6 g7 - 37. Tc1 - c8 together with Matt. The program thus played the train, which delayed the game loss as long as possible. Against a human player, it would have made more sense to let it get on the train KG7 because the opponent had the mat may not be seen as a completely chance free position will be created after the tower loss.
Source
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