Kunrei-shiki romanization

The Kunrei system (Japanese训令 式, kunrei - shiki, German " Regulation System") is a transcription system for the Japanese writing system, which was arranged in 1937 by the Japanese government. Another name is Mombushō system (文部省Mombu - shō, German Ministry of Education), because it is applied in the basic textbooks of the Ministry of Education. A revised version was adopted in 1954. The Kunrei system is a modified version of the Nippon system and should help to standardize the spelling in Latin characters. The system backed partially some letters (s, t, d, h, z) phonetic values ​​, which result from the Japanese system, which they have nowhere else but. It was standardized in 1989 by ISO as ISO 3602.

Japanese school children first learn the Kunrei system and then the Hepburn system.

  • 4.1 End -N (ん)
  • 4.2 small tsu (っ)
  • 4.3 Capitalization

Kunrei rewriting for Hiragana

Alternative spelling

The alternative spelling may be used ( according to the order ) where this case has naturalized abroad, so usually after the Hepburn system.

  • し- shi しゃ,しゅ,しょ- sha, shu, sho
  • ちゃ,ちゅ,ちょ- cha, chu, cho
  • じゃ,じゅ,じょ- yes, ju, jo
  • ぢゃ,ぢゅ,ぢょ- dya, dyu, dyo

Long vowels

Long vowels are marked with a macron (¯ ). Due to the lack Makrons in some keymaps, in which it also can not be generated with certain key combinations, a circumflex (^ ) is used often. ( The German standard keyboard mapping T2 contains the macron as dead key AltGr T and thus enables the correct application of Kunrei system. )

Long vowels are represented within a word with the following vowel combinations:

A A

  • お婆さん(おばあさん): o ba a sa n = Obasan - Grandma

I I

  • 新泻(にいがた): ni i ga ta = Nigata - Niigata
  • 美味しい(おいしい): o i si i = Oisi - savory
  • お爺さん(おじいさん): o zi i sa n = ozīsan - Grandpa

U U

  • 数学(すうがく): su u ga ku = sūgaku - Mathematics
  • 注意(ちゅうい): tyu u i = tyui - Caution

E I

In Sino Japanese words ( onyomi ) is e i to a long ē:

  • 学生(がくせい): ga ku se i = gakusē - students
  • 経 験(けいけん) ke i ke n = Keken - Experience
  • 制服(せいふく): se i hu ku = sēhuku - Uniform

In words of Japanese origin no contraction takes place:

  • 姪(めい): me i = mei - niece
  • 招い て(まねい て): ma n i te = maneite - call and then

E E

  • お 姉さん(おねえさん): o n e sa n = onēsan - (older) sister

O U

  • 学校(がっこう): ga ( t) ko u = Gakko - School
  • 东京(とうきょう): to u kyo u = Tōkyō - Tokyo
  • 勉强(べんきょう): be n kyo u = Benkyo - learn
  • 电报(でんぽう): de n po u = Denpo - Telegram
  • 金曜日(きんようび): ki n yo u bi = kin'yōbi - (Weekday Venus ) Friday

O O

  • 大船(おおふな): o o hu na = Ōhuna - Ofuna
  • 遠回り(とおまわり): to o ma wa ri = tōmawari - detour

In capital letters, the vowels may be strung together:

  • 大阪(おおさか): o o sa ka = Osaka or Oosaka - Osaka

More writing rules

End N (ん)

The End -nん( Katakana :ン) is always written as n.

  • 音 楽(おんがく): ongaku - music
  • 勉强(べんきょう): Benkyo - learn
  • 新闻(しんぶん): sinbun - newspaper
  • 电报(でんぽう): Denpo - Telegram

If a vowel or y -sound after an n, an apostrophe is placed to avoid ambiguity.

  • 金曜日(きんようび): kin'yôbi - Friday
  • 慎 一(しんいち): Sin'iti - Shin'ichi (name )
  • 四日(しにち): siniti - four days

Small tsu (っ)

The Stopflaut, bounded by the small tsuっ( Katakana :ッ) is displayed, is written with a consonant doubling:

  • 学校(がっこう): Gakkô - School
  • 日本(にっぽん): Nippon - Japan ( ancient pronunciation ;日本is usuallyにほん(Nihon ) read)
  • 仰る(おっしゃる): ossyaru - say ( politely)
  • 一致(いっち): itti - match

Capitalization

At the beginning of a sentence and for proper names is very important. Nouns should be capitalized.

  • 私 は 学校 に 行き ます(わたし は がっこう に いき ます). Watasi wa ni Gakkô ikimasu. - I'm going to school.
  • ここ は 横浜 です(ここ は よこはま です). Koko wa desu Yokohama. - Here is Yokohama.

Pronunciation

See Hepburn system.

Transcription (linguistics) JSL romanization
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